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Section B Discovering Useful Structures & Listening and Talking
学习目标
1、学会本节单词、短语
2、掌握本节句型结构。
语法解析
Grammar:
过去分词作定语和宾语补足语
过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语，在语态上，表被动；在时间上，表示动作已经发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语时，所修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语，过去分词相当于谓语。
过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，已经完成并具有被动意义。有时也不表示时间性。作定语的过去分词一般为及物动词，因为只有及物动词才有被动意义。例如：
He is a teacher loved by his students. 他是个很受学生爱戴的老师。
也有用不及物动词的过去分词作定语的情况，一般作前置定语，它不表示被动意义，只表示主动意义，强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。例如：
fallen leaves 落叶 retired workers 退休工人 the risen sun 升起的太阳
下面为过去分词作定语的几种情况：
1. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：
We needed much more qualified workers. 我们需要更多的合格的工人。
My friend is a returned student. 我的朋友是个归国的留学生。
单个分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作。例如：
They decided to change the material used. 他们决定更换使用的材料。
2. 过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面，作后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
例如：
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.)穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。
3. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如：
Is there anything unsolved? 还有没解决的问题吗？
There is nothing changed here since I left this town.自从我离开这个城镇以来，几乎没
有什么变化。
4. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词，常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放在其修饰的名词前，作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体，所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。例如：
This is a state-owned factory. 这是一家国营工厂。 This is our school-run factory. 这是我们的校办工厂。
注意：
①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独做定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left（剩余的），given（所给的）。
concermed（有关的）等。
There is little time left. Let's hurry up.
剩余的时间不多了，我们赶快吧。
②过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后。
He is one of those invited.
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
③有些过去分词做定语，前置和后置意义不同。试比较：
This is a used car which is worth only 5，000 uan.
这是一辆仅值五千元的旧车。
The method used is very efficient.
所用的这个方法很有效。
④过去分词可做非限制性定语，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，前面常用逗号与被修饰的成分隔开。
A girl，dressed like a student，came in and sat beside me.
一位学生打扮的女孩走进来，坐在我的旁边。
5.现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别：
过去分词与所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作。现在分词与所修饰的名词之间存在主谓系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。
This is a letter written in black ink.
这是一封用黑墨水写的信。
There are so many people showing interest in surfing the Internet.
过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词在句子中可作表语、定语、状语、补语（主补、宾补）等。下面就过去分词作宾语补足语的用法作一总结。
1. 能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的情况有：
（1）表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。
（2）表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。
Don't leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。
（3）表示“希望”、“要求”意义的动词。如：like, order, want, wish等。
I would like this matter settled at once. 我希望此事立刻得到解决。
I wish my homework finished before five o'clock. 我希望5点前完成我的作业。
（4）在“wih+宾语+过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作with的宾语补足语，过去分词与宾语之间为动宾关系。结构通常在句中做时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。
She usually works in her study with the door locked.
她通常锁着门在书房工作。
The murderer was brought in，with his hands tied behind.凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。
2. 过去分词做宾语补足语与其他非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
（1）及物动词的过去分词做宾语补足语时，表被动，说明宾语是过去分词动作的承受者；不及物动词的过去分词做宾语补足语时，表动作的完成，说明分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
We have our classroom cleaned after school every day.
每天放学后我们把教室打扫干净。（classroom与clean之间为逻辑上的被动关系）
We have our classroom cleaned after school every day.
每天放学后我们把教室打扫干净。（classrom与clean之间为逻辑上的被动关系）
When I got home，I found my wallet gone.
当我回到家，我发现我的钱包丢了。（“丢”这一动作已经完成）
（2）用现在分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行且与宾语构成主谓关系。
When I came here，I saw Li Lei reading an English book.
当我来到这儿，我看到李蕾正在读一本英文书。（“读书”这一动作正在进行）
（3）不定式做宾语补足语时，一般表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之后发生，但动词 feel，see，hear，watch，notice，observe后的不定式做宾语补足语时（不定式的to须省略）表示不定式动作的全过程。
The teacher will have Li Lei clean the classroom today.
今天老师将让李蕾打扫教室。（Li Lei与clean之间为逻辑上的主动关系，clean 这一动作发生在have之后）
I heard Wei Fang sing this song.
我听到魏芳唱了这首歌。（“我”听见了“唱”的整个过程）
练习：
1. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
2. The computer center, _____last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
3. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
4.—How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
—The key _____ the problem is to meet the demand _____ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
5. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
6. I don’t want the children ____ out in such weather.
A. take B. to take C. taken D. taking
7. I don’t want ____ the children out in such weather.
A. take B. to take C. taken D. taking
8. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.
A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 9. Helen had to shout ______ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
10. Can you have the washing-machine ______ to my house?
A. send B. to send C. sent D. sending
答案
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. C
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