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Unit11 Lesson 1学案
- tank |tæŋk| n.箱，槽，罐; 箱（或桶等）所装之物; 一箱（或一桶等）的量; 坦克
- a hot water tank热水箱a fuel tank燃料箱a fish tank 鱼缸
- We drove there and back on one tank of petrol.我们开车去那里来回用了一油箱汽油。
- plug |plʌg| vt. ~ sth (up) 堵塞；封堵; 补足；补充；供给; 推广；宣传=promote
- He plugged the hole in the pipe with an old rag.他用一块旧破布把管子上的那个洞塞住了。
- A cheaper range of products was introduced to plug the gap at the lower end of the market.
- 推出相对廉价的一系列产品，是为了填补较低档市场的缺口。
- She came on the show to plug her latest album.
- plug n. 插头; （电源）插座; 塞子; 堵塞物 ;推销；宣传 a three-pin plug三相插头
- Can I use this plug for my iron?我能用这个插座插一下熨斗吗？
- She pulled out the plug and let the water drain away.她拔起塞子放掉了水。
- She took the plug of cotton wool from her ear.她从耳朵中取出棉毛耳塞来。
- He managed to get in a plug for his new book.他设法为自己的新书插入了一条宣传信息。
- pack ① vt.&vi. 收拾(行李); (把···)打包; 塞满; 挤进
pack(sth.)up (将某物)装箱/打包 pack sth. in/into…把某物装进… pack in/into…挤进…
Ma Ming, drummer for the rock band “Storm”, had to pack his bags.摇滚乐队“暴风雨”的鼓手马明不得不收拾行李(离开)。
He packed a few things into a bag.
Fans packed into the hall to see the band.乐迷们把大厅挤得水泄不通。
当pack up的宾语是代词时，代词只能放在pack和up中间（适用于所有类似词组）：
My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor when I was packing them up.
②n.包;包裹a pack of一包;一盒;一群
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs, seven to be exact. 我们最先听到了一群狗的叫声——准确来说是七只狗的叫声。
unpack vi.&vt.从(箱、包等中)取出packed adj.挤满人的;充满...的
He moved out of his rented flat after complaints from his neighbours about disturbing the peace.他搬出了自己租住的公寓，因为邻居们投诉他扰乱社区的宁静。
package |ˈpækɪdʒ| (especially American English) = parcel n. ; 包；盒；袋；包装好的东西;（必须整体接收的）一套东西，一套建议；一揽子交易
A large package has arrived for you.你有一个大包裹来了。
Check the list of ingredients on the side of the package.请检查包装盒侧面的成分清单。
a package of hamburger buns一袋做汉堡包用的圆面包an aid package综合援助计划 software package软件包a package of measures to help small businesses扶助小商家的整套措施
package vt. ~ sth (up) to将…包装好 packaged food/goods包装好的食品/商品
We package our products in recyclable materials.我们用可回收的材料包装我们的产品。
~ sb/sth (as sth)包装成；使改头换面；把…装扮为
an attempt to package news as entertainment把新闻包装成娱乐形式的尝试
- complaint n.[C]投诉 make a complaint (to sb) (about/of/against) (向~对~)提出投诉
If you want to make a complaint, you’d better follow the correct procedure.如果你要投诉,最好遵循正确的程序。
complain vt.&vi.抱怨;不满;埋怨;投诉
complain (to sb.) about/of (doing) sth. (向~)抱怨/投诉某事 complain+that从句 抱怨/投诉
She complained to me about his bad manners. 她向我抱怨他不礼貌。
He came to complain about the volume of the music. 他过来抱怨音乐的音量太高了。
- warning n. [C,UC]警告，警示；先兆; 警戒
- Doctors issued a warning against eating any fish caught in the river.医生发出警告不要吃在那条河里捕的鱼。
- to give sb fair/advance/adequate warning of sth就某事向某人发出充分的/预先的/足够的警告
- The bridge collapsed without warning .那座桥在没有任何先兆的情况下坍塌了。
- to give sb a verbal/written/final warning向某人发出口头/书面/最后警告
- warning adj. [只用于名词前]She had ignored the warning signs of trouble ahead.警示标志
- warn sb of sth | warn sb about/against sb/sth 提醒注意（可能发生的事）；使警惕; 警告；告诫
- Police have warned of possible delays.警方已经通知可能会廷期。
- [also 动词 + that从句, 动词 + 直接引语, 动词 + 名词短语 + 直接引语]
- The guidebook warns against walking alone at night.这本指南告诫夜间不要单独行走。
- He warned Billy to keep away from his daughter.他警告比利离他女儿远点。
- cease |si:s| v. (formal) to stop happening or existing; to stop sth from happening or existing（使）停止，终止，结束
- Welfare payments cease as soon as an individual starts a job.一旦就业，即停发福利救济。
- You never cease to amaze me!你总能让我感到惊奇！
- He ordered his men to cease fire (= stop shooting) .
- The company ceased trading in June.这家公司已于六月停业。
- property |ˈprɒpəti| (pl. -ies)[UC] = a possession or possessions 所有物；财产；财物; land and buildings 不动产；房地产; 房屋及院落；庄园；
- Be careful not to damage other people’s property.小心别损及别人的财物。
- The price of property has risen enormously.房地产的价格大幅上升了。
- departure |dɪˈpɑ:tʃə(r)| n ~ (from…) 离开；起程；出发; （在特定时间）离开的飞机（或火车等）; ~ (from sth) 背离；违反；逾越
- His sudden departure threw the office into chaos. 他的突然离去使这个部门陷入一片混乱。
- They had received no news of him since his departure from the island.自从他离开这座岛后，他们再没得到过他的消息。
- arrivals and departures到站和离站班次
- It was a radical departure from tradition.这从根本上违背了传统。
- Their latest single represents a new departure for the band.他们最新出版的单曲唱片体现了这支乐队的新尝试。
- depart vi.离开，离去，启程 depart for启程前往depart from 离开，背离，违背
- Departing from her usual routine, she took the bus to work.她一反常态乘公共汽车上班了。
- depart this life离开人世，去世，亡故（委婉说法，与die同义）= pass away
- prejudiced |ˈpredʒədɪst| adj. ~ (against sb/sth) 有偏见的；带成见的；偏爱的；偏心的
- They are prejudiced against older applicants.他们对年长一些的申请人抱有成见。
- prejudice |ˈpredʒudɪs| n. ~ (against sb/sth) 偏见；成见
- Their decision was based on ignorance and prejudice.他们的决定是由于无知和偏见。
- I must admit to a prejudice in favour of British universities.我得承认我对英国大学有所偏爱。
- without prejudice (to sth)不损害其他权益；无损于合法权利
- They agreed to pay compensation without prejudice (= without admitting guilt ) .他们同意赔偿，但不承认有罪。
- bitter |ˈbɪtə(r)| adj. 激烈而不愉快的；充满愤怒与仇恨的; 人感到愤愤不平的；[常用于名词前]令人不快的；使人悲痛的；由痛苦引起的；味苦的；严寒的
- a long and bitter dispute漫长的激烈争论 to weep/shed bitter tears伤心落泪
- She is very bitter about losing her job.她丢掉了工作，心里很不服气。
- I've learnt from bitter experience not to trust what he says.我已从痛苦的经验中得到了教训，不要相信他的话。
- Black coffee leaves a bitter taste in the mouth.清咖啡在嘴里留下苦味。
- bitter cold严寒a bitter wind刺骨寒风
- bitterness n.[UC] The pay cut caused bitterness among the staff. 降低工资使职员们十分愤懑。
- a bitter pill (for sb) (to swallow)严酷的现实；（难以咽下的）苦果
- to/until the bitter end（不怕艰苦）坚持到底，奋斗到底
- remote |rɪˈməʊt| adj. (remoter, remotest) ~ (from sth) 偏远的；偏僻的= isolated; 相差很大的；极不相同的; [只用于名词前] far away in time 遥远的；久远的; 关系较远的；远亲的=distant;不很友好的；冷漠的；远程的；远程连接的；细微的；微小的=slight
- The farmhouse is remote from any other buildings.这家农舍附近没有别的房屋。
- in the remote/distant past/future在遥远的过去/将来a remote/distant cousin远房表亲
- a remote ancestor (= who lived a long time ago)远祖
- a remote control/database 遥控/远程数据库
- His theories are somewhat remote from reality.他的理论有点儿脱离现实。
- There is still a remote chance that they will find her alive.他们仍然有一线希望能把她活着找到。
- remoteness n. His remoteness made her feel unloved.他的冷漠使她觉得他不爱她。
- edge |edʒ| n.[C] 边；边缘；边线；边沿; 刀口；刀刃；利刃;（尤指灾难的）边缘
- He stood on the edge of the cliff.他站在悬崖边上。
- I sat down at the water’s edge.我在水边坐了下来。
- Be careful─it has a sharp edge.小心点——这刀刃很锋利。
- They had brought the country to the edge of disaster.他们使国家濒临灾难。
- one’s edge (on/over sb/sth) （微弱的）优势
- The company needs to improve its competitive edge .公司必须提高它的竞争力。
- They have the edge on us.他们略胜我们一筹。
- arrest vt.逮捕,拘捕;抑制;阻止;吸引(注意) n.逮捕
arrest sb. for (doing) sth.因(做)某事而逮捕某人 be under arrest=get arrested被捕;被拘留
arrest one’s attention to吸引某人的注意力=draw/attract one’s attention to sb./sth.
A man has been arrested in connection with the robbery.一男子因与抢劫案有关已被逮捕。
The sufferer may have to make major changes in his or her life to arrest the disease.患者可能必须对生活习惯作出重大调整以控制此病情。
An unusual noise arrested his attention.一阵不寻常的嘈杂声引起了他的注意。
The police had to arrest him for disturbing the peace.因为破坏和平，警察不得不逮捕他。
She was under arrest on suspicion of murder.她因涉嫌谋杀而被逮捕。
The headmaster of the school got arrested the other day and was still under arrest, which arrested the attention of the public.
- tailor |ˈteɪlə(r)| n.裁缝 vt. ~ sth to/for sb/sth 专门制作；订做
- Special programmes of study are tailored to the needs of specific groups.制订特殊课程，以满足特定群体的需要。
- Most travel agents are prepared to tailor travel arrangements to meet individual requirements.
- 为了满足个别需要，大多数旅行社都愿意做出专门的旅游安排。
- pleasant |ˈpleznt| adj. (pleasanter, pleasantest)= enjoyable, pleasing or attractive 令人愉快的；可喜的；宜人的；吸引人的； ~ (to sb) friendly and polite 友好的；和善的；文雅的
- a pleasant summer evening令人愉快的夏夜 live in pleasant surroundings生活在宜人的环境中
- a pleasant young man彬彬有礼的年轻人a pleasant smile/manner和蔼可亲的笑容/态度
- unpleasant adj. pleasantly adv. a pleasantly cool room凉爽宜人的房间
- pleasantness noun [UC] She remembered the pleasantness of the evening.
- Please sit down.请坐。Please don’t leave me here alone.请千万别把我一个人留在这儿。
- please vt. to make sb happy 使满意；使愉快 displease
- He’s a difficult man to please.他是个难以取悦的人。
- There’s just no pleasing some people (= some people are impossible to please) .
- You may stay as long as you please/wish.你想待多久就待多久。
- pleasing |ˈpli:zɪŋ| adj.~ (to sb/sth) 令人高兴的；令人满意的 pleasingly adv.
- pleased |pli:zd| adj.~ (with sb/sth) | ~ that…高兴；满意；愉快 ~ to do sth 高兴，乐于（做某事）
- She was very pleased with her exam results.她对考试成绩非常满意。
- I'm really pleased that you're feeling better.你觉得好些了，我真高兴。
- I'm pleased to hear about your news.听到你的消息我很高兴。
- He did not look too pleased when I told him.我告诉他时，他似乎不是很高兴。
- Pleased to meet you . (= said when you are introduced to sb)很高兴认识您。
- pleasure |ˈpleʒə(r)| n.[UC] ~ (in sth/in doing sth)|~ (of sth/of doing sth)高兴；快乐；愉快；欣慰；满意=enjoyment; 玩乐；休闲; 乐事；快事 to read for pleasure=for fun读书以自娱
- She had the pleasure of seeing him look surprised.看他好像吃了一惊，她感到开心。
- It gives me great pleasure to introduce our guest speaker.我很荣幸来介绍我们的特约演讲人。
- the pleasure and pains of everyday life日常生活的苦与乐
- It's a pleasure to meet you.很高兴认识你。
- ‘Thanks for doing that. ’‘It's a/my pleasure.’“这事真劳您大驾了。”“不客气。/乐意效劳”
- ‘May I sit here? ’ ‘Yes, with pleasure. ’“我可以坐在这儿吗？”“当然可以。”
- I am pleased to inform you that the book you ordered has arrived.
- Please try to be pleasant to our guests.请对我们的客人尽量客气点。
- She had a pleasingly direct manner.她为人直爽，令人愉快。
- Are you in Paris on business or pleasure?你来巴黎是公干还是游玩？
- violence |ˈvaɪələns| n.[UC] ~ (against sb) 暴力；暴行; 狂热；激情；激烈的力量
- crimes/acts/threats of violence暴力犯罪/行为/威胁
- Violence broke out/erupted inside the prison last night.
- The violence of her feelings surprised him.她感情之强烈使他吃惊。
- violent |ˈvaɪələnt| adj.暴力的；强暴的 violent crime暴力犯罪; 感情强烈的；激情的；猛烈的；剧烈的；强烈的=intense, severe
- There was a violent reaction from the public.公众的反应强烈。
- a violent explosion剧烈的爆炸a violent change急剧的变化
- Her dress was a violent pink.她的连衣裙是非常鲜艳的粉红色。
- tolerate vt.忍受;忍耐;容忍;宽容=put up with
- tolerance n.忍受;容忍;忍受程度; 忍耐力 tolerant adj.宽容的;容忍的
- tolerate one’s doing sth.=stand one’s doing sth= bear sb doing/to do sth容忍(某人)做某事
We do not tolerate rude behaviour; nor do we tolerate lying to customers.我们不允许举止粗鲁，也不容忍欺骗顾客。
在日常英语中，人们一般说stand，而不说tolerate。stand一般用于疑问句和否定句,常用于can/could/can't/couldn't stand sth. 或can/could/can't/couldn't stand sb. doing sth.。
How can you stand Marty coming home late all the time?
be tolerant of/towards...对·····宽容
Luckily, my parents were tolerant of my choice of music.
Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a __________(tolerate) smill and let him go.
- bother ① vi.&vt.(使)担心, (使)生气, (使)苦恼; 打扰;费心 ② n.[U]麻烦;不便;令人烦恼的人或事
bother with/about…为...而费心 bother doing/to do sth.费心做某事
It bothers sb. that…使某人烦恼 It bothers sb. to do sth.做某事使某人烦恼
bother sb. with/about sth.以某事打扰某人 put sb to bother 给某人添乱
She added that it was the water falling onto their balcony from Smith watering his plants that bothered them. 她还说，困扰他们的是史密斯给植物浇水时洒到他们阳台上的水.
I'm not going to bother about what other people think.我不打算去管别人怎么想。
You would have found it if you had bothered looking/to look.如果你费心找的话，早就找到它了。
It bothers me that he seems to take no interest in his work.
I'm sorry to have put you to all this bother. 真抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。
Don’t bother. 别费事了/不用麻烦了。 Sorry to bother you.很抱歉打扰你。
He didn’t want to bother her ______ these problems when she was on holiday.
____ bothers me a lot that my best friend Tom has become addicted to playing computer games recently.
During the past year, I’ve had three instances of car trouble. Each time these things happened, I was sick of the way most people hadn’t bothered ______(help).
- recall |rɪˈkɔ:l| v. (formal) (不用于进行时) to remember sth 记起；回忆起；回想起= recollect;使想起; 召回 n. 记忆力；记性; 召回令；回收令
- She has amazing powers of recall.她有惊人的记忆力。
- She could not recall his name.她想不起他的名字。
- If I recall correctly, he lives in Luton.如果我没记错的话，他住在卢顿。
- I can’t recall meeting her before.我想不起来以前曾经见过她。
- He recalled that she always came home late on Wednesdays.他回想起她星期三总是很晚回家。
- Both countries recalled their ambassadors.两个国家都召回了各自的大使。
- The company has recalled all the faulty hairdryers.公司回收了所有有问题的吹风机。
Dick recalls ___________(be) in Paris to study music when he was a child.
课文重点短语
- experience a neighbourhood conflict经历邻里冲突 make noise制造噪
- drive sb mad逼疯某人 move out of/move into搬出/搬进
- be exposed to 暴露于 from then/now on 从那时/现在起
- in the end=finally=eventually=ultimately 最终，最后
- take action=take measures= take steps采取行动 take a vote投票
- give sb a warning给与~~警告 go back to normal回归正常
- be prejudiced against sb.对某人有偏见 a keen gardener热衷园艺的人
- in a flash转瞬间；立即 a large crowd of一大群
- The flat-owner said if he had known that Ma Ming was a drummer, he ________________(not rent) the flat to him.
- One neighbour also claimed that Ma Ming _____(have) a bad influence on his teenage son.
- ______(get) enough sleep is important for people’s health and, after such a chorus of _______(complain), we had to take action.
- He’s bitter over the fact that people thought of his music ___ “noise”. Otherwise he didn’t really mind _____(have) to leave the flat.
- Living in a hotel ______(mean) the hotel staff makes the bed every day.
- Eighty-year-old ______(retire) tailor, James McKay, spent Saturday night in a cell after ____(hit) 30-year-old Keith Smith over the head with his ______(walk) stick.
- While McKay is usually a peaceful and _______(please) person, he _______________(drive) to this act of _________(violent) by literally getting wet just once too often.
- It wasn't only the water ______(fall) onto their balcony from Smith ______(water) his plants that bothered them, but also the way he ________(clean) his fish tanks.
- We’d be sitting there happily reading our newspapers, ______ suddenly so much water would come from above _____ we’d be as wet as if we ___________(shower) with our clothes on.
一．定义 ：情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。
二．特点 ：1）有一定词义；2）不受主语人称和数的变化影响；3）与主要动词的原形（或称不带to的不定式）一起构成谓语（除ought to作固定词组看待）。
情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词+ (not)动词原形。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词无被动语态。
He could be here soon. 他很快就来。 We can’t carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。
I’m sorry I can’t help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：
What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）
- 情态动词有四类：①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),ought to ②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need, dare ③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should), will(would)
④具有情态动词特征：have(had,has) to, used to ⑤情态动词表猜测
1. can (could)
1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。
Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？
2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上的猜测）。
The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing.气温可能降至-60℃。
He can’t (couldn’t)不可能 have enough money for a new car.
You mustn’t禁止smoke while you’re walking around in the wood. You could可能 start a fire.
3）表示允许。
Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？
He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room. 他问他能不能把书带出阅览室。
4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？
He can´t (couldn´t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？
5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？
I´m afraid we couldn’t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2. may (might)
1）表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。
You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？
在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly.
/ Please don´t ./ You´d better not. / No, you mustn´t.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。
He may be at home. 他可能在家。
She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。
They might be having a meeting, but I´m not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。
1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。
We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
You mustn´t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。
--Must we hand in our exercise—books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？
--No, you needn´t. / No, you don´t have to. 不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn´t）
2）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。
He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
She´s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。
4. shall
1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。
Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？
Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？
What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么？
2）表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。
You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）
You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心）
5. will
1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。
I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
None is so blind as those who won´t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
If you will read the book, I´ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
2）表请求，用于疑问句。
Will you close the window? It´s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。
Won´t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？
3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。 The door won´t open. 这门打不开。
The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。
6. should
1）表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。
You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
You shouldn´t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。
2）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。
The film should be very good as it is starring first—class actors.
这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。
They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
7.would
1）表意愿。
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗？
Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？
They wouldn´t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.
她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。
8. ought to
1）表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。
You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。
You oughtn´t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
There´s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。
9. used to
表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。
He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。
There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.
街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。
I usedn´t (didn´t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。
Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？
情态动词表推测的用法小结
一）情态动词表推测的三种句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might / could（也许，或许）。
（1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个答案。
（2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 他们肯定把暖气关了。
2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
（1）It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长。
（2）He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。
3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。
（1）Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？
（2）Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？
注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
（二）情态动词表推测的三种时态
1.对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
She must /may/might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
2.对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
1）He must / may / might /could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
2）He can’t (couldn’t)/may (might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?
布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？
3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
1）It must/may/might/could have rained last night. The ground is wet.昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
2)The door was locked. He can (could) not/may(might ) not have been at home .他不可能/或许不在家。
3）Can/Could he have gotten the book？ 难道他找到书了吗？
注：情态动词 should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如：
4）It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测）
5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虚拟） 她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。
6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. （虚拟）
汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。
重点疑难
一）情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法
1.情态动词后跟完成式，表“应当已经……”，“想必已经……”，“本来可以……”等意。
I should have finished the work earlier. 我应当早一点完成这项工作的。
He isn´t here. He must have missed the train. 他还未到，一定是没赶上火车。
Where can (could) he have gone? 他能到那里去了呢？
You may (might) have read about it. 你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。
You could (might) have been more careful. 你本来可以更细心的。
He needn´t have worried about it. 他本不必为此事担心。
There was a lot of fun at yesterday´s party. You ought to have come, but why didn´t you?
昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来，为何不来呢？
2. 情态动词后跟进行式，表示“想必正在……”，“可能正在……”，“应当正在”等意。
It´s twelve o´clock. They must be having lunch. 现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。
They may be discussing this problem. 他们可能正在论讨这个问题。
He can´t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话。
She shouldn´t be working like that. She´s still so weak. 她不应当那样干，她身体仍那么虚。
（二）几组词的辨异
1. can 和be able to
1）can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式。
Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.
玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
2）用在过去时中，could经常表示能够做某事，有这个能力但事实上不一定去做，而was∕were able to则表示具体“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。
He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn´t feel like it that day.
Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
2. must和 have to
must表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。
I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。
We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。
3. would和used to
1）used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，而would只表过去的情况。People used to think that the earth was flat. 过去人们认为地球是平的。（现在人们不认为。）
She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
在乡下时，她总是在早晨去散会儿步。（可能现在仍有散步的习惯。）
2）used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
She used to be fat. 她过去很胖
专项练习（一）
1. I __________ you, because I thought I must be wrong.
A. dare not ask B. dare not to ask C. dare not asking D. dare to not ask
2. There __________ some flowers in the garden.
A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having
3. “__________ I take it out?” “I´m sorry, you __________.”
A. Could …couldn´t B. Might…might not C. Could…can D. May…can´t
4. You were stupid to climb the tree. You __________ hurt yourself.
A. may B. might C. will D. might have
5. You __________ those letters. Why didn´t you ?
A. should post B. should have posted C. must have posted D. ought to post.
6. All the lights are on, the Smiths __________ up.
A. must get B. is getting C. must be getting D. would get
7. He __________ lead a horse to the water but he __________ not make it drink.
A. will…can B. may…can C. may…dares D. dare…can
8. “Need we do this job now?” “Yes, __________.”
A. you need B. you should C. you must D. you can
9. __________ to have lunch with us today?
A. Do you likes B. Would you like C. Will you liked D. Have you liked
10. He said that you __________ watch TV all the evening if you wished.
A. may B. must C. can D. might
11. –Is John coming by train? --He should, but he __________ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
12. Peter __________ come with us tonight, but he isn´t very sure yet.
A. must B. can C. may D. will
13. Michael __________ be a policeman, for he´s much too short.
A. needn´t B. can´t C. shouldn´t D. won´t
14. I thought you __________ be hungry, so I have brought you some cakes.
A. may B. might C. can D. could
15. I wonder how he __________ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say
16. Come on! We __________ hurry because there isn´t much time left.
A. may B. must C. can D. need
17. Amy did best in the English test. She __________ hard last week.
A. must have working B. should have worked C. should work D. must work
18. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone __________ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
19. –--I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ---Oh, did you? You __________ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
20. It´s nearly seven o´clock. Jack __________ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
专项练习（二）
1. Jeanhave kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would
3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been
4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now. A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't
5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late. ---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed C. can have missed D. might miss
6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been
7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying
8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having
9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen
10. ______ Mr. Black_______go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you?---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. must D. mustn’t
14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would
15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?----Of course.
A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?” “Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!” “_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D.can
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will not D. may not
22. “Do you have to leave now?” “I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’t B. have C. should D. must
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?” “_________?”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you D. No, we’d better not
24. “Can I take it away?” “ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. could C. would D. had
25. I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She _____ at the meeting.A. mustn’t have spoken B. shouldn’t have spokenC. needn’t have spoken D. couldn’t have spoken26. One ought _____ for what one hasn’t done.A. not to be punished B. to not be punishedC. to not punished D. not be punished27. If you really want yourself to be in good health, you must ___ always ___ so much.A. not; be smoking B. not; have smokedC. not; to smoke D. be not; smoking28. With so much work on hand, you _____ to see the game last night.A. mustn’t go B. shouldn’t go
C. couldn’t have gone D. shouldn’t have gone29. Most of the students felt rather disappointed at the English party. They say that it ______ better organized.A. had been B. had to be C. must have been D. could have been30. I’m surprised that he _____ in the exam.A. should fail B. would have failed
C. may have failed D. should have failed31. The little girl _____ there alone.A. not dare go B. dares not go C. dare not go D. dare not to go32. “Must we do it now?” “No, you _____.”A. won’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. don’t33. He said he would rather not _____ it right now.A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing34. You _____ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.A. needn’t to come B. don’t need come
C. don’t need coming D. needn’t come35. Put on more clothes. You _____ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.A. can B. could C. would D. must
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发表于 2025-9-22 04:19:30