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Unit6 The Admirable 写作技巧点拨
概要写作
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句子表述出来，不能抄袭文章的原句，更不能把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。概要写作基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
一、概要的写作步骤
1．确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己总结。
2．寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概要的信息浓度。
3．重构主题句。概要的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概要的质量。
4．重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
二、写概要的具体方法
1．定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在时，那么基本时态用现在时；不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时，如The passage tells us that...
2．定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信等，可能会使用第一、二人称)
3．定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
(1) 同义替换法
◆Tom thought of an idea.
→An idea occurred to Tom.
(2)正话反说法
◆I think wealth is less important than health.
→I don't think wealth is more important than health.
(3)词性转换法
◆Your suggestions are very valuable.
→Your suggestions are of great value.
(4)介词短语法
◆We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
→With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
(5)句式变化法
①语态变换
◆Today people in the world widely use computers.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
②简单句变复合句
◆The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.
③连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but、and、so、while、however、then、yet、for、therefore、thus、including、instead of 等。
◆He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than/instead of going.
④词序改变法
◆Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
⑤ 特殊句式法
◆Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.
1．The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
2．The author tells us a story about...
3．The passage is a story about...
4．According to the passage, the hero in the story ...
5．Yao Ming is a great basketball player in China or even in the world.
6．Martin Luther King is now regarded as one of the heroes of the 20th century.
7．The writer tells us...(主题)by showing us an example of...，who/which...(故事情节)
8．In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing..., which...
9．This passage is mainly about sb.'s experience of doing...
10．...be regarded/accepted as...
11．...set a good example to...
满分作文特训
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Discovering a Lost Brother
①Kieron Graham always knew he had an older brother named Vincent. Though Kieron spent years thinking about him, he could never track him down.
②That changed in December 2017, when Kieron's adoptive parents gave him an Ancestry DNA test as a Christmas gift. Kieron, now 21, sent his saliva(唾液) sample in for analysis. When his results came back, he was stunned to find he had a lot of DNA matches for relatives who had also taken the test. Most were distant connections, but one match was so strong that it was labeled “close family”．His name was Vincent Ghant. Kieron looked for him on Facebook and soon made a possible connection.“This is going to sound so wild...but I think you're my brother，” Kieron wrote on Facebook's Messenger app.“I was given up for adoption in 1997 and it says on my paperwork that my mother has a son with your name and your birth date. Her name is Shawn.”
③“OMG do you know your real name？”wrote Vincent, now 30.
④“I think it was Tyler.”
⑤“OMG YES！！！ You are my brother.”
⑥“Wow，” wrote Kieron.
⑦“This is crazy，” said Vincent.
⑧The craziness was just beginning. As they talked, the brothers realized they lived about 20 minutes from each other. More surprisingly, they attended the same university and majored and minored in the same subjects: political science and legal studies.
⑨Vincent was nine when Kieron was born and now still remembers caring for his baby brother. But times were tough, and Shawn, who worked 15plus hours a day as a nurse, decided that placing Kieron for adoption would give him the best chance to succeed.
⑩“She was very emotional about that time, to the point where it was hard for her to put into words anything about what happened, ” Vincent says.
⑪Now the brothers had the chance to make up for lost time. They decided to meet at a local tea shop that week.
⑫One of Vincent's concerns was that Kieron might resent his birth family for placing him for adoption. He was relieved Kieron didn't, and that he'd grown up in a loving family.
⑬Since that first meeting, the brothers have bonded even more. They played football together and celebrated Christmas with their families.“We'll keep growing our relationship until it's time to leave this planet，”says Vincent. That shouldn't be hard. As Kieron says, “We've got years and years to catch up on.”
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第一步：审题谋篇
本文讲述了一对分开多年的兄弟重聚的故事。文章前半部分主要讲基伦(Kieron)如何通过基因检测和Facebook找到了他的哥哥文森特(Vincent)，后半部分讲述了他们重聚之后的往来，以及他们如何迅速建立了感情。
全文可以划分为四个部分：
第一部分(①－⑦)：基伦通过基因检测和Facebook找到了他的哥哥。
第二部分(⑧)：基伦与哥哥住得很近并上了同一所大学。第三部分(⑨－⑩)：基伦的妈妈为什么放弃他并让别人领养他。
第四部分(⑪－⑬)：基伦和哥哥重聚后，迅速建立感情。
第二步：要点概括
细读原文，可得出概括成概述的以下四个要点：
要点一：That changed in December 2017，when Kieron's adoptive parents gave him an Ancestry DNA test as a Christmas gift. His name was Vincent Ghant. Kieron looked for him on Facebook and soon made a possible connection.“This is going to sound so wild...but I think you're my brother，”
可概括为：Kieron found his brother Vincent through an Ancestry DNA test and Facebook.
要点二：As they talked，the brothers realized they lived about 20 minutes from each other. More surprisingly，they attended the same university and majored and minored in the same subjects: political science and legal studies.
可概括为：Surprisingly, they lived quite close to each other and studied the same subjects in the same university.
要点三：Vincent was nine when Kieron was born and now still remembers caring for his baby brother. But times were tough，and Shawn，who worked 15plus hours a day as a nurse，decided that placing Kieron for adoption would give him the best chance to succeed.
可概括为：Kieron was given up for adoption by his mother when he was a baby.
要点四：Since that first meeting, the brothers have bonded even more. As Kieron says，“We've got years and years to catch up on.”
可概括为：After their first meeting，the two brothers quickly bonded and would improve their relationship in the years to come.
第三步：组句成篇
请运用同义句转述或句子重构来替换以上要点句，并运用适当的过渡词语把它们连接起来组成一篇概要写作。
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参考答案：
One possible version：
Kieron, given up for adoption by his mother when he was a baby，found his brother Vincent through an Ancestry DNA test and Facebook. Surprisingly，they lived quite close to each other and studied the same subjects in the same university. After their first meeting，the two brothers quickly bonded and would improve their relationship in the years to come.
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