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2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期末考点大串讲（北师大版2019）
考题猜想01 阅读理解-说明文培优专练20篇 解析版
满分策略
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、猜测词义题注意运用“代入法”从情感和逻辑角度推测最佳答案。
七、推理判断题注意题干关键词、原文定位和选项同义替换三位一体。
八、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。
话题
| 人与自我
| 主题
| 研究表明短时间高强度的活动有益健康
| 字数
| 314
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[01]（24-25高一上·江苏常州·期末）A sedentary (久坐的) lifestyle eventually does harm to health but breaking out of long inactivity can be discouraging. Now, however, there may be a simple way to ease into more activity.
A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day — climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework — can provide great health benefits.
“It’s quite simple, but it’s not an idea that’s out there,” says University of Sydney exercise scientist Emmanuel Stamatakis who led the research. “Many people, including many health professionals, still think of physical activity as something that you do during your free time, and you need to go somewhere to do it.”
Stamatakis and his colleagues, on the other hand, wanted to understand if daily life activities done somewhat vigorously in short bouts could also provide health benefits compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle.
To study this, his team used data from nearly 25, 000 adults who were non-exercisers. Without these data, it was almost impossible to continue the study. Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death.
The team found that people who did at least four one-to-two-minute high intensity physical activities every day had a nearly 40 percent less risk of dying from cancer and a roughly 49 percent ower chance of dying from a cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, “The more, the better.”
1．What did the recent study find?
A．An inactive lifestyle is harmful but hard to change.
B．More physical exercises can make you more active.
C．Doing daily housework is also a kind of exercise.
D．Daily short but intense activities do good to health.
2．What does the underlined word “vigorously” most probably mean?
A．Energetically. B．Continuously. C．Frequently. D．Creatively.
3．Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5?
A．Research purposes. B．Research limitations.
C．Research findings. D．Research methods.
4．What would Stamatakis suggest?
A．Going to exercise at fixed time and place.
B．Avoiding movement of light intensity.
C．Doing only 8 minutes intense activity every day.
D．Carrying out more short bouts of intense activity.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明短时间高强度的活动有益健康。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day—climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework— can provide great health benefits.(最近的一项研究表明，每天短时间的剧烈运动——爬楼梯、搬运重物或加快家务劳动的步伐——对健康大有好处)”可知，最近的研究表明，短时间高强度的活动有益健康的。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。done somewhat vigorously in short bouts在句中作后置定语修饰daily life activities，根据后面“compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle(与久坐或不太活跃的生活方式相比)”可推测，划线词应该和less active意思相反，应该是“高强度地，剧烈地”的意思。故选A项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death.(在七天的过程中，他们使用机器学习工具来确定一个人是久坐、站立、行走，还是在重复的10秒窗口中进行剧烈活动，如跑步。研究人员还将任何运动分为轻度、中度和高强度。然后，在接下来的七年里，他们记录了哪些研究参与者死亡以及导致死亡的原因)”可知，本段主要讲到了研究过程中的数据收集及分析方法。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段末“More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, ‘The more, the better.’(Stamatakis说，这种剧烈运动的次数越多，就意味着死亡风险得到了更大的保护，‘越多越好’)”可知，Stamatakis认为短时间高强度的活动有益健康，降低死亡风险，他建议多做这样的活动，越多越好。故选D项。
话题
| 人与自然
| 主题
| 介绍了“耳虫”的原因和解决办法
| 字数
| 345
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[02]（24-25高一上·江苏南通·期末）You hear a song while you read. You hear it while you’re taking a test. You even hear it while you’re trying to go to sleep. You can’t make it stop, and it’s driving you crazy! Has this happened to you? Maybe you have suffered from an earworm, a memory of a song!
Earworm is common and there are a few theories (理论) behind it. The brain is very sensitive to music, according to neurologist Oliver Sacks, who says music affects us whether we pay attention to it or not. Sacks wonders if there are earworms today because we’re surrounded by music all the time in our everyday lives. Research on the auditory cortex supports Sacks’s ideas. The auditory cortex is the part of the brain that deals with sound. It’s a short-term storage system for small amounts of auditory (sound) information. Some of this auditory information is forgotten, and some of it goes into long-term memory. However, songs appear to stay in the auditory cortex for a long time.
James Kellaris (“Dr. Earworm,” as some people call him) is a professor of marketing at the University of Cincinnati. He thinks that only certain types of songs become earworms. These songs have certain characteristics that other songs do not. The characteristics are repetitiveness, simplicity, and incongruity. Your brain pays a lot of attention to a song which are repetitive, simple and incongruous — something unexpected such as uneven (不均匀的) beats, Kellaris says. Because of this, a song which is repeated and unusual stays longer in the auditory cortex. No wonder, advertisers often use jingles — short songs that are easy to remember to promote sales.
Is there any way to get rid of an earworm? Here are some tips Kellaris collected: Replace the earworm song with another song, try to distract yourself by doing an intense activity such as exercising, or tell someone about your earworm. What if none of these strategies work? Then perhaps you should just sit back and try to enjoy the music in your head!
1．How does the author introduce the topic?
A．By listing rules. B．By drawing conclusions.
C．By telling stories. D．By describing experiences.
2．Why is “auditory cortex” mentioned in paragraph 2?
A．To show what earworms are like. B．To discuss how earworms affect us.
C．To explain why we get earworms. D．To tell where earworms come from.
3．Which of the following is most likely to become an earworm?
A．A soft ring from the speaker in the classroom.
B．A slow song that makes you think in a bookshop.
C．A piece of music you hear for a short time in the cinema.
D．A unique jingle that plays over and over in a supermarket.
4．What might be the best title for the text?
A．Earworms — the typical jingles B．Earworms — the power of music
C．Earworms — the songs in your head D．Earworms — the music of everyday life
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了什么是“耳虫”，并介绍了“耳虫”的原因和解决办法。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段内容“You hear a song while you read. You hear it while you’re taking a test. You even hear it while you’re trying to go to sleep. You can’t make it stop, and it’s driving you crazy! Has this happened to you? Maybe you have suffered from an earworm, a memory of a song! (你边读边听一首歌。你在考试时听到它。你甚至在试图入睡时听到它。你不能让它停下来，它快把你逼疯了！这发生在你身上吗？也许你患有耳虫，一首歌的记忆！)”可知，为了引出“耳虫”现象，作者列举了一些生活中的经历，例如你边读边听一首歌，你甚至在试图入睡时听它等，这些都是“耳虫”现象，由此可知，作者通过描述经历引出话题。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“Sacks wonders if there are earworms today because we’re surrounded by music all the time in our everyday lives. Research on the auditory cortex supports Sacks’s ideas. The auditory cortex is the part of the brain that deals with sound. It’s a short-term storage system for small amounts of auditory (sound) information. Some of this auditory information is forgotten, and some of it goes into long-term memory. However, songs appear to stay in the auditory cortex for a long time. (萨克斯想知道今天是否有耳虫，因为我们在日常生活中一直被音乐包围着。对听觉皮层的研究支持萨克斯的观点。听觉皮层是大脑中处理声音的部分。这是一个用于存储少量听觉（声音）信息的短期存储系统。其中一些听觉信息被遗忘，而另一些则进入长期记忆。然而，歌曲似乎在听觉皮层中停留了很长时间。)”可知，“听觉皮层”解释了“耳虫”现象的原因，听觉皮层是大脑中处理声音的部分，歌曲在听觉皮层中停留的时间很长，所以出现了“耳虫”现象，由此可知，在第2段提到“听觉皮层”是为了解释我们为什么会得“耳虫”。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段关键句“The characteristics are repetitiveness, simplicity, and incongruity. (其特点是重复性、简单性和不协调性。)”和“No wonder, advertisers often use jingles—short songs that are easy to remember to promote sales. (难怪广告商经常使用广告歌曲——易于记忆的短歌来促进销售。)”可知，“耳虫”歌曲的特点是重复性、简单性和不协调性，例如易于记忆的广告歌曲，由此可知，一首在超市里反复播放的独特广告歌最有可能成为“耳虫”。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段内容“You hear a song while you read. You hear it while you’re taking a test. You even hear it while you’re trying to go to sleep. You can’t make it stop, and it’s driving you crazy! Has this happened to you? Maybe you have suffered from an earworm, a memory of a song! (你边读边听一首歌。你在考试时听到它。你甚至在试图入睡时听到它。你不能让它停下来，它快把你逼疯了！这发生在你身上吗？也许你患有耳虫，一首歌的记忆！)”可知，本文主要介绍了什么是“耳虫”，即一首歌曲在你脑海中反复出现，并介绍了“耳虫”的原因和解决办法，“Earworms—the songs in your head”意为“耳虫——你脑海中的歌曲”，能够概括文章主要内容，为最佳标题。故选C项。
话题
| 人与动物
| 主题
| 研究发现藻类快速生长导致非洲大象死亡
| 字数
| 303
|
[03]（24-25高一上·江苏泰州·期末）A new study has provided further explanation for the deaths of 350 African elephants in Botswana during 2023. It was the result of drinking from waterholes where deadly algae (藻) populations had exploded due to climate change. Elephant bodies were first found in the north-eastern part of the country between May and June 2023, but proof showed that illegal hunting was not the cause.
With the help of satellite data, the researchers examined the relationship between about 3,000 waterholes and the locations of dead elephants. Their research suggested waterholes near the bodies showed increasing algal level in 2023 compared to earlier years — particularly during the period associated with the mass death event.
The researchers also found that rotten (腐烂的) elephant bodies were more spread out across the landscape than the fresh, indicating that the die-off in 2023 was different from normal elephant death patterns. After drinking, elephants were thought to have walked an average of 16.5 km from the harmful waterholes and died within about 88 hours of contact.
These findings suggest a high risk and possibility of algal harmful effect in these waterholes. The researchers think that the change from a very dry 2022 — the driest year in a period of 10 years in the area — to an extremely wet 2023, may have led to the appearance of significant amounts of nutrients from the ground, promoting the high algal growth.
Southern Africa is thought to become drier and hotter under climate changes, so waterholes across this area will likely be drier for more months of the year. Our findings point to the potential negative effects on water quantity and quality, and the dangers to animals. Meanwhile, the findings also show the bad need to observe carefully overall water quality across all waterbodies, including the smallest ones.
1．What is the direct cause of the elephant deaths?
A．Illegal hunting. B．Disease outbreak.
C．Badly polluted water. D．Terrible climate change.
2．What can we learn from Paragraph 2-3?
A．The satellite recorded each elephant’s behaviour.
B．The increasing water level killed many elephants.
C．Elephant bodies were mainly found beside waterholes.
D．The rapid growth of algae contributed to the elephant deaths.
3．What does the author say about the weather in paragraph 4?
A．It experienced great change. B．It has been dry for several years.
C．It was under the influence of humans. D．It remained fixed with normal rainfall.
4．What do the findings suggest in the last paragraph?
A．Water quality needs to be monitored.
B．Satellite technology requires to be studied.
C．The area will become more suitable for elephants.
D．Waterholes will suffer serious drought throughout the year.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现2023年博茨瓦纳350头非洲大象是由于致命的藻类而死亡的，分析了藻类快速生长的原因。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study has provided further explanation for the deaths of 350 African elephants in Botswana during 2023. It was the result of drinking from waterholes where deadly algae (藻) populations had exploded due to climate change.(一项新的研究为2023年博茨瓦纳350头非洲大象的死亡提供了进一步的解释。这是由于饮用了水坑里的水，那里致命的藻类数量由于气候变化而激增)”可知，大象死亡的直接原因是严重污染的水。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Their research suggested waterholes near the bodies showed increasing algal level in 2023 compared to earlier years — particularly during the period associated with the mass death event.(他们的研究表明，与早些年相比，2023年尸体附近的水坑显示出藻类水平的增加，尤其是在与大规模死亡事件相关的时期)”可知，藻类的快速生长导致了大象的死亡。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The researchers think that the change from a very dry 2022 — the driest year in a period of 10 years in the area — to an extremely wet 2023, may have led to the appearance of significant amounts of nutrients from the ground, promoting the high algal growth.(研究人员认为，从非常干燥的2022年（该地区10年来最干燥的一年）到极其潮湿的2023年，这种变化可能导致大量营养物质从地下出现，促进了藻类的高速生长)”可知，天气经历了巨大的变化。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Meanwhile, the findings also show the bad need to observe carefully overall water quality across all waterbodies, including the smallest ones.(同时，研究结果还表明，有必要仔细观察所有水体的整体水质，包括最小的水体)”可知，最后一段的调查结果表明水质需要监测。故选A。
话题
| 人与社会
| 主题
| 非营利组织合作将社区花园带到城市学校
| 字数
| 314
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[04]（24-25高一上·江苏南京·期末）School is still out for the summer, but at Eastern Senior High School in Washington, D．C．, students are hard at work outdoors. In a garden filled with flowers and beds bursting with vegetables and herbs, nearly a dozen teenagers are harvesting (收获) vegetables for the weekend’s farmers market.
Roshawn Little is going into her junior year at Eastern, and has been working in this garden for three years now. During the summer, Little gets paid to work Tuesday through Saturday from 9 a. m. until 2 p. m. with City Blossoms, a nonprofit that brings community gardens to schools in urban areas. She believes that working in the garden has taught her to try all sorts of new things, like eating different kinds of vegetables more often. And she’s taken those healthy behaviours home with her and her eating habits have encouraged her family to buy more fruits and vegetables.
City Blossoms is one of many groups across the country teaming up with local communities to build school gardens, like the one at Eastern. It works with schools to create learning gardens and trains teachers on how to use them to get students engaged (使参与) and improve academic performance. These gardens are really outdoor classrooms. For example, the gardens can be used for math lessons, like calculating the area of a plant bed or learning the science of how plants grow.
For the students, the experience can be a nutritional eye-opener, which has totally changed their views on where food comes from, and what it takes to produce food. Partner schools have also seen a 12 to 15 percent increase in the number of students passing standardized tests and 94 percent of teachers reported seeing increased engagement from their students, according to an independent evaluation (评价) conducted by PEER Associates.
1．What does Roshawn Little think of the summer outdoor activity?
A．It is a good way to earn pocket money. B．It has improved her family relationship.
C．It contributes to her healthy eating habit. D．It is helpful to her academic performance.
2．What is the purpose of the school gardens?
A．To invite students to care for plants. B．To advance teachers’ teaching skills.
C．To get students interested in science. D．To provide a creative way of learning.
3．What does the last paragraph focus on about the project of City Blossoms?
A．Its evaluations. B．Its effects. C．Its operations. D．Its expectations.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．City Blossoms: Team up with Local Community Teachers
B．Happy Holiday, Sweet Memory: How Kids Enjoy the Harvest
C．Outdoor Classrooms: Get out for the Weekend’s Farmers Market.
D．Healthy Eaters, Smart Minds: What School Gardens Teach Kids
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了华盛顿特区Eastern Senior High School的学生们在暑假期间参与学校花园的工作，以及与City Blossoms非营利组织合作，将社区花园带到城市学校的情况。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Roshawn Little is going into her junior year at Eastern, and has been working in this garden for three years now. During the summer, Little gets paid to work Tuesday through Saturday from 9 a. m. until 2 p. m. with City Blossoms, a nonprofit that brings community gardens to schools in urban areas. She believes that working in the garden has taught her to try all sorts of new things, like eating different kinds of vegetables more often. And she’s taken those healthy behaviours home with her and her eating habits have encouraged her family to buy more fruits and vegetables.(罗肖恩·利特尔即将在东方大学读大三，她已经在这个花园里工作了三年了。在夏季，利特尔从周二到周六上午9点到下午2点为城市之花工作，这是一家将社区花园引入城市地区学校的非营利组织。她认为，在花园里工作教会了她尝试各种新事物，比如更经常地吃不同种类的蔬菜。她把这些健康的行为带回家，她的饮食习惯鼓励她的家人买更多的水果和蔬菜)”可知，罗肖恩·利特尔认为夏季户外活动有助于她养成健康的饮食习惯。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“City Blossoms is one of many groups across the country teaming up with local communities to build school gardens, like the one at Eastern. It works with schools to create learning gardens and trains teachers on how to use them to get students engaged (使参与) and improve academic performance. These gardens are really outdoor classrooms. For example, the gardens can be used for math lessons, like calculating the area of a plant bed or learning the science of how plants grow.(城市之花是全国各地与当地社区合作建造学校花园的众多团体之一，就像东方大学的花园一样。它与学校合作创建学习花园，并培训教师如何利用它们让学生参与进来，提高学习成绩。这些花园是真正的户外教室。例如，花园可以用来上数学课，比如计算植物床的面积或学习植物生长的科学)”可知，学校花园的目的是提供创造性的学习方式。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For the students, the experience can be a nutritional eye-opener, which has totally changed their views on where food comes from, and what it takes to produce food. Partner schools have also seen a 12 to 15 percent increase in the number of students passing standardized tests and 94 percent of teachers reported seeing increased engagement from their students, according to an independent evaluation (评价) conducted by PEER Associates.(对于学生们来说，这段经历可以让他们在营养学上大开眼界，完全改变了他们对食物来源和生产食物所需条件的看法。根据PEER协会进行的一项独立评估，合作学校通过标准化考试的学生人数也增加了12%至15%，94%的教师报告说，学生的参与度有所提高)”可知，城市之花项目的重点是它的影响。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“She believes that working in the garden has taught her to try all sorts of new things, like eating different kinds of vegetables more often. And she’s taken those healthy behaviours home with her and her eating habits have encouraged her family to buy more fruits and vegetables.(她认为，在花园里工作教会了她尝试各种新事物，比如更经常地吃不同种类的蔬菜。她把这些健康的行为带回家，她的饮食习惯鼓励她的家人买更多的水果和蔬菜)”以及最后一段“For the students, the experience can be a nutritional eye-opener, which has totally changed their views on where food comes from, and what it takes to produce food. Partner schools have also seen a 12 to 15 percent increase in the number of students passing standardized tests and 94 percent of teachers reported seeing increased engagement from their students, according to an independent evaluation (评价) conducted by PEER Associates.(对于学生们来说，这段经历可以让他们在营养学上大开眼界，完全改变了他们对食物来源和生产食物所需条件的看法。根据PEER协会进行的一项独立评估，合作学校通过标准化考试的学生人数也增加了12%至15%，94%的教师报告说，学生的参与度有所提高)”和纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了学校花园的好处，所以D项“健康的饮食，聪明的头脑：学校花园教给孩子们什么”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。
话题
| 人与动物
| 主题
| 介绍了研究人员通过对海豚的行为研究发现
| 字数
| 324
|
[05]（24-25高一上·江苏宿迁·期末）Dolphins love to play around, doing things like surfing, playing with stuff, and running after each other. However, have you ever been to a wildlife park and seen dolphins opening their mouths wide? Researchers uncovered that dolphins use the “open mouth” facial expression to show their cheerfulness, instead of attack.
Other animals use their faces to show they want to play, but it wasn’t known if sea creatures do the same thing. This led the team to carry out this study. They recorded videos of 22 dolphins that lived at two wildlife parks. The dolphins were recorded when they were playing in pairs, playing with their human trainers and playing on their own.
During the 80 hours of video footage, the scientists counted 1,288 times when the dolphins used the “smile” expression. The team said 92% of those happened when dolphins were playing with each other. They seldom used the expression when they were playing on their own or with humans. Nearly 90% of the expressions happened when a dolphin could see their playmate’s face. If other dolphins spotted their “smile”, they returned the expression around a third of the time. Elisabetta Palagi, a biologist, said that the relaxed open mouth “is a universal sign of playfulness, helping animals and us signal fun and avoid misunderstanding”.
The research focused on dolphins in parks. Those living in the wild could behave differently when playing. It’s possible that while playing in more open spaces, dolphins might prefer to communicate using sounds instead of facial expressions. “Future research should study eye-tracking to explore how dolphins see their world and take advantage of acoustic signals (声学信号) in their communication during play,” added Livio Favaro, a co-author and zoologist, in the press.
This research throws light on the unique communication skills used by these intelligent sea creatures as well as the importance of facial expressions to set the right intentions (意图).
1．What does an “open mouth” in dolphins indicate according to the researchers?
A．A sign of attack. B．A desire to bite.
C．An expression of joy. D．An intention to escape.
2．What research method did the researchers use?
A．Making a comparison. B．Analyzing cause and effect.
C．Doing experiments in labs. D．Reviewing previous studies.
3．What can we infer from paragraph 4?
A．Dolphins in different areas behave similarly.
B．Future research would include wild dolphins.
C．Eye-tracking was widely used in this research.
D．Dolphins prefer to use sounds to communicate.
4．What is the most suitable title of this passage?
A．Dolphins in Parks “Smile” More.
B．Dolphins “Smile” While Playing.
C．Dolphins Copy Each Other to Smile.
D．Dolphins Behave Better When Alone.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员通过对海豚的行为研究发现，海豚在玩耍时会用“张嘴微笑”的表情表达快乐，并探讨了这种行为在不同环境下的表现及其意义。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Researchers uncovered that dolphins use the “open mouth” facial expression to show their cheerfulness, instead of attack.(研究人员发现，海豚使用“张嘴”的面部表情来表达它们的快乐，而不是攻击)”可知，海豚的“张嘴”表示快乐。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Other animals use their faces to show they want to play, but it wasn’t known if sea creatures do the same thing. This led the team to carry out this study. They recorded videos of 22 dolphins that lived at two wildlife parks. The dolphins were recorded when they were playing in pairs, playing with their human trainers and playing on their own.(其他动物会用面部表情来表示它们想要玩耍，但之前并不清楚海洋生物是否也会这样做。这促使研究团队进行了这项研究。他们记录了生活在两个野生动物公园的22只海豚的视频。这些海豚在成对玩耍、与人类训练师玩耍以及独自玩耍时都被记录下来)”可推知，研究人员是通过对比其他动物和海洋生物的行为来进行研究的。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The research focused on dolphins in parks. Those living in the wild could behave differently when playing. It’s possible that while playing in more open spaces, dolphins might prefer to communicate using sounds instead of facial expressions.(这项研究主要集中在公园里的海豚。那些生活在野外的海豚在玩耍时可能会有不同的行为。在更开阔的空间玩耍时，海豚可能会更喜欢使用声音而不是面部表情进行交流)”以及“Future research should study eye-tracking to explore how dolphins see their world and take advantage of acoustic signals (声学信号) in their communication during play,(未来的研究应该研究眼动追踪，以探索海豚如何看待它们的世界，以及在玩耍时如何利用声学信号进行交流)”可推知，未来的研究会包括野生海豚。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其第一段中“Researchers uncovered that dolphins use the “open mouth” facial expression to show their cheerfulness, instead of attack.(研究人员发现，海豚使用“张嘴”的面部表情来表达它们的快乐，而不是攻击)”以及最后一段“This research throws light on the unique communication skills used by these intelligent sea creatures as well as the importance of facial expressions to set the right intentions (意图).(这项研究揭示了这些聪明的海洋生物所使用的独特交流技巧，以及面部表情在设定正确意图方面的重要性)”可知，。全文主要讨论了研究人员对海豚“微笑”表情的研究发现，特别是在玩耍时这种表情的使用情况及其意义，B选项“Dolphins “Smile” While Playing.(海豚在玩耍时“微笑”)”准确反映了文章的核心内容和研究重点，是文章的最佳标题。故选B。
话题
| 人与社会
| 主题
| 介绍人工智能对教育的重要作用
| 字数
| 302
|
[06]（24-25高一上·江苏泰州·期末）The rapid development of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) has been influencing education at all levels, from primary and secondary to higher education.
Countries around the world are trying to find ways to use AI more flexibly in education, so as to provide education for students in faraway areas and teach people the skills needed to get successful jobs in the 21st century. China has become a leader in the application of AI in education and training by developing smart learning systems and stepping up research on AI.
An important area of research is the possible use of AI to promote language learning. AI can help teachers to tailor resources for learners, producing their specific resources according to individual learners’ needs and improve students’ performance. Researchers from Beijing Normal University explored how an automatic resource generation system can help in teaching Chinese as a second language in schools.
The researchers developed a model to use AI to ensure the resources meet learners’ needs, with studies showing the use of the teaching-learning model improved students’ performance. Students who were taught lessons using the model more actively participated in the course.
In addition to teaching languages, AI can also be used to help students of all ages to learn about different cultures. Researchers from Beijing Foreign Studies University, and some other foreign universities have been exploring ways to use AI to help students from different countries learn from each other and know about each other’s cultures while sitting in the comfort of their homes.
With the development of machine learning, AI has the potential to change education if designed and applied properly. AI applications should be designed in a way that they benefit learners and educators. For that purpose, rules for learners, teachers and other staff in educational organizations should be in place.
1．Why are countries exploring the use of AI in education?
A．To become a leader in the world.
B．To prepare people for future jobs.
C．To develop smart learning system.
D．To advance the use of AI in research.
2．What does the underlined word “tailor” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Apply widely. B．Buy cheaply.
C．Process carefully. D．Design specially.
3．What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?
A．Making proper rules. B．Inventing smart systems.
C．Conducting more researches. D．Learning different cultures.
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．The rapid development of AI.
B．AI application in language teaching.
C．Possible uses of AI in education.
D．The development of machine learning.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了人工智能对教育的重要作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Countries around the world are trying to find ways to use AI more flexibly in education, so as to provide education for students in faraway areas and teach people the skills needed to get successful jobs in the 21st century.(世界各国都在努力寻找在教育中更灵活地使用人工智能的方法，以便为偏远地区的学生提供教育，并教会人们在21世纪获得成功工作所需的技能)”可知，各个国家探索人工智能的使用是为了为偏远地区的学生提供教育，并使人们为未来工作做好准备。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句“AI can help teachers to tailor resources for learners, producing their specific resources according to individual learners’ needs and improve students’ performance.(人工智能可以帮助教师为学习者tailor资源，根据个人学习者的需求生成特定的资源，并提高学生的表现)”可知，根据个人学习者的需求生成特定的资源，并提高学生的表现，这指的是因材施教，为学习者量身定制学习资源，tailor意为“根据特定需要制作”，D项“特别设计”与其意思相近。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“For that purpose, rules for learners, teachers and other staff in educational organizations should be in place.(为此，应为教育组织中的学习者、教师和其他工作人员制定规则)”可知，作者建议要制定合适的规则。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The rapid development of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) has been influencing education at all levels, from primary and secondary to higher education.(人工智能（AI）等技术的快速发展一直在影响从小学、中学到高等教育的各个层次的教育)”、第三段中的“An important area of research is the possible use of AI to promote language learning.(一个重要的研究领域是可能使用人工智能来促进语言学习)”、第四段中的“The researchers developed a model to use AI to ensure the resources meet learners’ needs, with studies showing the use of the teaching-learning model improved students’ performance.(研究人员开发了一种使用人工智能来确保资源满足学习者需求的模型，研究表明，使用教学模型可以提高学生的表现)”、第五段中的“In addition to teaching languages, AI can also be used to help students of all ages to learn about different cultures.(除了教授语言，人工智能还可以帮助各个年龄段的学生了解不同的文化)”可知，本文主要讲述了人工智能对教育的重要作用，并具体介绍了人工智能的使用。故选C。
话题
| 人与动物
| 主题
| 讲述了肯尼亚的野生动物保护及Kasaine的追踪狮子工作
| 字数
| 286
|
[07]（24-25高一上·浙江杭州·期末）On a cool gray morning, Wilson Kasaine heads out along a dirt path in southern Kenya. His calmness makes it easy to forget that he’s tracking one of the most dangerous animals in the world: lions. Born into a traditional Maasai family, he quickly grew to understand the beauty and danger of wildlife. Living with big wild animals forces him to develop a good sense of where they have been and where they may be going. During his 12-kilometer walks to and from school, he learned how to tell the paw prints of a lion from those of other animals.
Growing up, Kasaine knew that improving his tracking abilities would help him avoid surprise meetings with dangerous animals. For many Maasai, tracking is mainly a matter of self-protection. But Kasaine is tracking lions to meet them and to protect them. He leads a small group of wide-eyed tourists over the red sandy path, searching for the lion that has left upon it his prints.
Each year, thousands of tourists crowd Kenya’s national parks to try to catch a glimpse of the the “big five”: elephants, rhinoceros, leopards, buffaloes and lions. The international draw of these animals matters a lot because the nation’s economy is tied to the protection of its wildlife. If Kenya’s wildlife disappears, so does its second-largest source of income.
Wildlife protection efforts in Kenya meant marking off land only for animals. But it also meant that the people who had originally lived in the area were forced to leave their land and into smaller surrounding areas, and they are also finding it increasingly hard to keep a traditional Maasai lifestyle. But people are glad that it really makes a difference to wildlife protection.
1．How did Kasaine track lions?
A．By working together with tourists. B．By running after them all the time.
C．By going to school every day. D．By studying their paw prints.
2．What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A．Maasai people are born animal lovers.
B．Tourism is a big threat to Kenya’s wildlife.
C．Kenya benefits a lot from its wildlife protection.
D．Small animals are not included in their protection policy.
3．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Kenya’s economic development. B．People’s leaving their original homes.
C．Kenya’s second-largest income source. D．Kenyan people’s traditional Maasai lifestyle.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Wildlife protection in Kenya. B．Meeting a dangerous animal.
C．Wilson Kasaine’s wise choice. D．Learning to live with lion.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了肯尼亚的野生动物保护及Kasaine的追踪狮子工作。
1．推理判断题。由文章第一段中的“During his 12-kilometer walks to and from school, he learned how to tell the paw prints of a lion from those of other animals. (在他每天往返学校12公里的路程中，他学会了如何区分狮子的爪印与其他动物的爪印。)”可知，他是通过研究狮子的爪印来追踪狮子的。故选D。
2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中的“The international draw of these animals matters a lot because the nation’s economy is tied to the protection of its wildlife. If Kenya’s wildlife disappears, so does its second-largest source of income. (这些动物对国际游客的吸引力至关重要，因为肯尼亚的经济与野生动物保护息息相关。如果肯尼亚的野生动物消失了，其第二大收入来源也将不复存在。)”可知，肯尼亚从野生动物保护中获益良多。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。由文章最后一段中的“Wildlife protection efforts in Kenya meant marking off land only for animals. But it also meant that the people who had originally lived in the area were forced to leave their land and into smaller surrounding areas, and they are also finding it increasingly hard to keep a traditional Maasai lifestyle. But people are glad that it really makes a difference to wildlife protection. (肯尼亚的野生动物保护工作意味着要划出专门供动物栖息的土地。但这也意味着原本居住在该地区的人们被迫离开自己的土地，迁往周边更小的区域，而且他们也越来越难以维持传统的马赛生活方式。不过，人们感到欣慰的是，这些举措确实对野生动物保护起到了重要作用。)”可知，画线词it指代的是人们离开他们原来的家园。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由倒数第二段中的“The international draw of these animals matters a lot because the nation’s economy is tied to the protection of its wildlife. If Kenya’s wildlife disappears, so does its second-largest source of income. (这些动物对国际游客的吸引力至关重要，因为肯尼亚的经济与野生动物保护息息相关。如果肯尼亚的野生动物消失了，其第二大收入来源也将不复存在。)”和最后一段“Wildlife protection efforts in Kenya meant marking off land only for animals. But it also meant that the people who had originally lived in the area were forced to leave their land and into smaller surrounding areas, and they are also finding it increasingly hard to keep a traditional Maasai lifestyle. But people are glad that it really makes a difference to wildlife protection. (肯尼亚的野生动物保护工作意味着要划出专门供动物栖息的土地。但这也意味着原本居住在该地区的人们被迫离开自己的土地，迁往周边更小的区域，而且他们也越来越难以维持传统的马赛生活方式。不过，人们感到欣慰的是，这些举措确实对野生动物保护起到了重要作用。)”可知，文章主要介绍了肯尼亚的野生动物保护工作，以及一位名叫Wilson Kasaine的马赛人如何通过追踪狮子来保护它们，同时肯尼亚的野生动物保护工作也对当地经济产生了积极影响。因此，“Wildlife protection in Kenya (肯尼亚的野生动物保护)”最能概括文章主旨。故选A。
话题
| 人与社会
| 主题
| 冲动还是理性这种决策模式如何影响我们的生活
| 字数
| 314
|
[08]（24-25高一上·浙江杭州·期末）Every day, we face a range of decisions, from picking a shirt for work to choosing a job. Some of these decisions have far-reaching consequences that may impact the rest of our lives. These choices can be difficult, and we aren’t often aware of the reasons behind why we make certain choices. A new study explores how we make decisions when it comes to short and long-term rewards. It found that we were more impulsive (冲动) with decisions that may bring about an immediate reward than those that have longer-term consequences.
The study was conducted by Professor Pleger from Ruhr University Bochum. The team wanted to know how we make decisions about what to eat and where. They asked participants to choose between smaller immediate rewards and larger rewards that they had to wait for. The longer they waited, the bigger the reward. Brain activity was observed using functional MRI, which shows which parts of the brain are active during decision-making.
The brain observation revealed interesting differences when it came to each type of reward. When people made decisions about money, brain areas responsible for thinking about the future and self-control were more active. When deciding about food, the areas that are linked to immediate satisfaction were more involved. This means that our decision-making pattern depends on the type of reward that we are given.
By understanding how our brains respond to different types of rewards, we may develop better tools that control how we make those decisions that may have serious consequences in our lives. Professor Pleger believes that understanding these differences can lead to new treatments for impulsive behaviors and addictions. For example, Neurofeedback (神经反馈) can observe real-time brain activity to help individuals manage their brain functions, which can help them make particularly difficult decisions, specifically when it comes to unhealthy or addictive choices.
1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The process of Pleger’s study. B．The causes of brain activity.
C．The theory of people’s choices. D．The methods of decision making.
2．According to the study, what influences the decision-making pattern?
A．The desire for long-term rewards. B．The kind of reward provided.
C．The ability to control one’s desire. D．The focus on immediate satisfaction.
3．Why does the author mention the example in the last paragraph?
A．To prove the theory of the study. B．To show the application of the study.
C．To compare different types of rewards. D．To praise the usefulness of the Neurofeedback.
4．What can be a best title for the text?
A．How to Make Reasonable Decisions? B．Can You Wait Longer Before Decisions?
C．How Is Decision-Making Pattern Benefit Us? D．Are Your Decisions Based on Impulse or Reason?
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了我们的决策是基于冲动还是理性，以及这种决策模式如何影响我们的生活。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The team wanted to know how we make decisions about what to eat and how to make a profit. They asked subjects to choose between smaller immediate rewards and larger rewards that they had to wait for. The longer they waited, the bigger the reward. Brain activity was observed using functional MRI, which shows which parts of the brain are active during decision-making. (这个团队想知道我们是如何决定吃什么以及如何盈利的。他们要求受试者在较小的即时奖励和必须等待的较大奖励之间做出选择。他们等待的时间越长，奖励就越大。研究人员使用功能性核磁共振成像来观察大脑活动，该成像显示出大脑的哪些部分在做决策时是活跃的。)”可知，第二段主要描述了Pleger的研究过程。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“This means that our decision-making pattern depends on the type of reward that we are given. (这意味着我们的决策模式取决于我们获得的奖励类型。)”可知，决策模式受到奖励类型的影响。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Professor Pleger believes that understanding these differences can lead to new treatments for impulsive behaviors and addictions. For example, Neurofeedback (神经反馈) can observe real-time brain activity to help individuals manage their brain functions, which can help them make particularly difficult decisions, specifically surrounding unhealthy or addictive choices. (普莱格教授认为，了解这些差异可以为冲动行为和成瘾带来新的治疗方法。例如，神经反馈可以观察实时大脑活动，帮助个体管理他们的大脑功能，这可以帮助他们做出特别困难的决定，特别是围绕不健康或上瘾的选择。)”可知，作者提到这个例子是为了展示研究的应用。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study explores how we make decisions when it comes to short and long-term rewards . It found that we were more impulsive (冲动) with decisions that may bring about an immediate reward than those that have longer-term consequences. (一项新的研究探讨了我们在短期和长期奖励方面是如何做出决定的。研究发现，与那些有长期影响的决定相比，我们在做出可能带来即时回报的决定时更容易冲动。)”和最后一段“By understanding how our brains respond to different types of rewards, we may develop better tools that control how we make those decisions that may have serious consequences in our lives. (通过了解我们的大脑对不同类型奖励的反应，我们可以开发出更好的工具来控制我们如何做出那些可能对我们的生活产生严重后果的决定。)”可知文章主要讨论了我们的决策是基于冲动还是理性，以及这种决策模式如何影响我们的生活。故短文的最佳标题为“你的决定是基于冲动还是理性？”切题。故选D。
话题
| 人与动物
| 主题
| 介绍人类对不同动物的观点会影响动物保护工作
| 字数
| 354
|
[09]（24-25高一上·浙江杭州·期末）Save the gorilla (大猩猩)! Protect tigers! Help the giant kangaroo rats! You’ve probably heard the first two slogans but maybe not the last one. We’re often interested in supporting the protection of animals like gorillas and tigers but less concerned for creatures like rats. Are our stereotypes (刻板印象) affecting which animals we choose to protect?
Researchers have studied how people view animals based on two qualities: “warmth” (how friendly we think they are) and “competence” (how capable they seem). Animals we see as companions, such as dogs and monkeys, score high in both warmth and competence. This makes us eager to protect them. Predators (捕食者) like tigers and bears are seen as competent but not very warm. While some people admire these animals, others may fear or hunt them. Animals viewed as prey (猎物), like cows and rabbits, often receive less attention, but people are prepared to actively harm those considered pests, such as rats and mice.
However, this might not be the full story. National Geographic Magazine asked their readers which animals were the most important to save. Four of the top five fit the companion or predator types-elephants, tigers, whales and polar bears. But the most popular animal to save was the bee. It seems that apart from concerns around warmth and competence, people are aware how species can affect the wider ecosystem and value bees as pollinators (传粉者).
At present, 27,000 species are becoming extinct every year. How do zoos and protection projects decide which animals to support? One factor is the importance of an animal to the wider ecosystem, but this can lead to some difficult choices. It’s reported that in Australia, koalas are much less important to the ecosystem than some lesser-known animals such as woylies. However, they also suggest a solution to this issue. To conserve cute animals, such as koalas, it’s important to protect their entire habitat-and this can save a wide variety of species. It could be that many animals can be sheltered by koalas’ cuteness.
1．What’s the focus of the research?
A．How human views affect animal protection efforts.
B．What qualities different types of animal species have.
C．How human activities influence wildlife populations.
D．What characteristics affect public interest in species.
2．What do we know from paragraph 2?
A．Companions are more capable than others. B．Predators are always feared and hunted.
C．Animals seen as friendly are more protected. D．Pests are generally well-liked by people.
3．Why are bees an important species to save?
A．They are popular pets among humans.
B．They rank high in warmth and competence.
C．They are the largest pollinators in ecosystems.
D．They support species variety through pollination.
4．What’s the purpose of mentioning koalas in the last paragraph?
A．To highlight the popularity of certain cute animals.
B．To offer suggestions on effective koalas protection.
C．To stress the difficulty of making conservation decisions.
D．To inform readers of the importance of habitat protection.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是人类对不同动物的观点会影响动物保护工作，以及生态系统中各物种的重要性。
1．细节理解题。根据首段中的“Are our stereotypes (刻板印象) affecting which animals we choose to protect?(我们的刻板印象是否影响了我们选择保护哪些动物？)”以及第二段中的“Researchers have studied how people view animals based on two qualities: “warmth” (how friendly we think they are) and “competence” (how capable they seem). Animals we see as companions, such as dogs and monkeys, score high in both warmth and competence. This makes us eager to protect them. (研究人员研究了人们基于两个特质来如何看待动物：“温暖”（我们认为它们有多友好）和“能力”（它们看起来有多能干）。像狗和猴子这样的伴侣动物在温暖和能力上都得分很高，这使我们热切地想要保护它们。)”可知，第一段通过提问的方式引出下文讲述的研究，第二段介绍的是人们对不同类型动物的态度影响是否保护这些动物，由此可知，研究关注的是人类的观点如何影响动物保护工作。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Animals we see as companions, such as dogs and monkeys, score high in both warmth and competence. This makes us eager to protect them.(我们视为同伴的动物，如狗和猴子，在温暖和能力方面得分都很高，这使我们热切地想要保护它们。)”可知，被视为友好的动物更可能得到人们的保护。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But the most popular animal to save was the bee. It seems that apart from concerns around warmth and competence, people are aware how species can affect the wider ecosystem and value bees as pollinators (传粉者).(但是，最受欢迎的保护动物是蜜蜂。看来，除了对温暖和能力的关注外，人们还意识到物种如何影响更广泛的生态系统，并重视蜜蜂作为传粉者的角色。)”可知，人们认识到某些物种对更大生态系统的重要性，由此可知，蜜蜂是重要的需要保护的物种的原因是它们通过授粉支持物种多样性。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“To conserve cute animals, such as koalas, it’s important to protect their entire habitat-and this can save a wide variety of species. It could be that many animals can be sheltered by koalas’ cuteness.(为了保护像考拉这样的可爱动物，保护它们的整个栖息地至关重要——这可以拯救多种多样的物种。可能许多动物因为考拉的可爱而得到庇护。)”可知，为了保护动物的栖息地有助于保护该物种，所以，这样做可以保护更多的物种，由此可知，文章提到考拉是为了告知读者保护栖息地的重要性。故选D项。
话题
| 人与社会
| 主题
| 讲述“Cleanup Kids”这个由青少年主导的环保组织
| 字数
| 309
|
[10]（24-25高一上·浙江杭州·期末）When nine-year-old Ella and Cash met at Ocean Heroes Bootcamp in July 2019, they immediately connected. Introduced by their moms at the University of British Columbia, they soon became an environmental-activism powerhouse duo (强强组合). “We knew we could make a difference together”, says Cash from Tennessee. Ella, now living in Florida, adds, “We became best friends immediately.”
Their meeting quickly turned into action, leading to the creation of Cleanup Kids — a youth-led non-profit focused on environmental protection. Ella’s strong love for the environment began with a love for sharks, encouraged by bedtime stories about them, along with her experiences cleaning up trash along Vero Beach. Cash’s journey started at seven when he found a single plastic straw on the beach, highlighting the broader issue of plastic pollution threatening countless wildlife, including turtles and seabirds.
Now both 14, they sometimes meet for sea-turtle freeing, scuba diving, or meeting, but mostly stay “closely connected online” while co-leading Cleanup Kids, which has grown to over 200 members worldwide and continues to grow.
“My hope for Cleanup Kids is that it grows from hundreds to thousands of kids, causing a chain of effect that encourages others”, says Ella. Members are tasked with conducting at least one cleanup per month, documenting the rubbish they collect, and aiming for a goal of one million pieces by year’s end, while also sorting and recycling items.
In 2022, they were among 25 projects selected for the Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes, which honors exceptional young leaders in North America.
How do you even begin to make that effect? Cash’s best advice is to start small. “I started with a couple of cleanups with my family. Don’t overdo it”, he says. “Kids may be a small part of the population, but we’re 100 percent of the future, and every little action counts.”
1．What do Ella and Cash have in common?
A．They both live in beachside communities.
B．They both worry about rubbish on the beach.
C．They both have environmental activist parents.
D．They both started environmental protection at seven.
2．What effect do Ella and Cash hope to make through Cleanup Kids?
A．Local community connection. B．Creation of a worldwide recycling program.
C．Children’s awareness of pollution. D．Development of new environmental policies.
3．Which of the following can best describe Ella and Cash?
A．Curious and adventurous. B．Warm-hearted and generous.
C．Supportive and outgoing. D．Responsible and determined.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．The Cleanup Kids: Small but Powerful B．Friends for Nature: Ella and Cash
C．Green Organization: A Non-Profit Project D．Youth in Action: A Path to Change
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述了“Cleanup Kids”这个由青少年主导的环保组织，虽然成员是青少年，但在环保方面发挥了很大作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Ella’s strong love for the environment began with a love for sharks, encouraged by bedtime stories about them, along with her experiences cleaning up trash along Vero Beach. Cash’s journey started at seven when he found a single plastic straw on the beach, highlighting the broader issue of plastic pollution threatening countless wildlife, including turtles and seabirds.(Ella对环境的强烈热爱始于对鲨鱼的热爱，她在睡前听了关于鲨鱼的故事，以及她在维罗海滩清理垃圾的经历，鼓励了她。Cash的旅程始于7点，当时他在海滩上发现了一根塑料吸管，突显了塑料污染威胁着无数野生动物的更广泛问题，包括海龟和海鸟)”可知，Ella和Cash两人都有在海滩的经历且都担心海滩上的垃圾。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Members are tasked with conducting at least one cleanup per month, documenting the rubbish they collect, and aiming for a goal of one million pieces by year’s end, while also sorting and recycling items.(会员的任务是每月至少进行一次清理，记录他们收集的垃圾，目标是到年底达到100万件，同时分类和回收物品)”可知，组织成员通过参与这些环保活动，能提高对污染的认识。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Their meeting quickly turned into action, leading to the creation of Cleanup Kids — a youth-led non-profit focused on environmental protection.(他们的会面很快变成了行动，导致了Cleanup Kids的成立——一个由年轻人领导的专注于环境保护的非营利组织)”和第四段中“Members are tasked with conducting at least one cleanup per month, documenting the rubbish they collect, and aiming for a goal of one million pieces by year’s end, while also sorting and recycling items.(会员的任务是每月至少进行一次清理，记录他们收集的垃圾，目标是到年底达到100万件，同时分类和回收物品)”可知，从他们创立“Cleanup Kids”组织，并持续领导组织开展环保活动，如要求成员每月清理垃圾等，可看出他们有责任感且坚定。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“Their meeting quickly turned into action, leading to the creation of Cleanup Kids — a youth-led non-profit focused on environmental protection.(他们的会面很快变成了行动，导致了Cleanup Kids的成立——一个由年轻人领导的专注于环境保护的非营利组织)”可知，文章主要讲述了“Cleanup Kids”这个由青少年主导的环保组织，虽然成员是青少年，但在环保方面发挥了很大作用。A项“Cleanup Kids组织：小而强大”为最佳标题。故选A。
话题
| 人与社会
| 主题
| 介绍强调父母可帮助青少年形成健康的饮食习惯
| 字数
| 337
|
[21]（24-25高一上·安徽铜陵·期末）“I have a couple of spots for anyone who wants to lose 20 pounds by the holidays! No diets or exercise!” said Katie Hurley, a psychologist who specializes in work with tweens, teens and young adults, “The fact that diet culture all over social media targets grown women is bad enough, but such messaging also reaches tweens and teens. There’s been a noticeable increase in eating disorder, particularly among adolescent girls.”
“My mom is addicted to seeing her Facebook friends losing tons of weight without dieting. Is this real?” The question came from a teen girl who later said she was considering hiring a health coach to help her eat “healthier”. Sadly, the coaching is part of a marketing brand that promotes quick weight loss through calorie restriction (热量限制) and buying costly meal replacements (替代品).
“As we approach the holidays, diet culture is in the air, and it’s certainly on social media,” said Dr. Hina, “It’s so powerful that even if it’s not targeted at teens, they are absorbing it by receiving it continuously or hearing parents talk about it.”
Social media isn’t the only place young people come across harmful messaging about body image and weight loss. Teens are flooded with so-called “healthy eating” content on TV and in popular culture, at school and while engaged in after-school or social activities, at home and in public spaces like malls or grocery stores— and even in restaurants.
Today’s teens are getting the message that “clean eating” results in a better body and increased happiness. Diets cutting out all carbohydrates, dairy products, gluten (谷蛋白), and meat-based proteins are popular among teens. Yet this mindset can cause food anxiety, addictive checking of food labels and dangerous calorie restriction.
The good news is that parents can take an active role in helping teens form healthier eating habits. “It’s important to remember this: parents are influencers, too,” said Hanson, “What we say and do matters to our teens.”
1．Why did the author mention Katie Hurley’ words in Paragragh 1?
A．To explain results. B．To list examples.
C．To raise a theory. D．To introduce a topic.
2．What do we know about today’s young people according to the text?
A．They get power from other teens. B．They may suffer from food anxiety.
C．They employ coaches to go on a diet. D．They are addicted to meal replacements.
3．What may help teens form the healthier eating habits according to Hanson?
A．TV programs. B．Parents’ influence.
C．Restaurants’ service. D．Social activities.
4．What is a suitable title for the text?
A．Body Image and Teenagers B．Why Healthy Eating Is Important
C．How Diet Culture Affects Teenagers D．The Role of Social Media in Teen Health
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出节食文化通过多渠道影响青少年，导致饮食失调等问题，强调父母可助其形成健康的饮食习惯。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“‘I have a couple of spots for anyone who wants to lose 20 pounds by the holidays! No diets or exercise!’ said Katie Hurley, a psychologist who specializes in work with tweens, teens and young adults, ‘The fact that diet culture all over social media targets grown women is bad enough, but such messaging also reaches tweens and teens. There’s been a noticeable increase in eating disorder, particularly among adolescent girls.’(专门研究儿童、青少年和年轻人心理的心理学家Katie Hurley说：“我有几个名额，给那些想在假期前减掉20磅体重的人！无需节食或锻炼！社交媒体上无处不在的节食文化针对成年女性已经够糟糕了，但这样的信息也影响到了儿童和青少年。饮食失调的情况明显增加，尤其是在青春期女孩中。”)”可知，作者引用Katie Hurley的话是为了引出“节食文化对青少年产生影响”这一话题。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“Yet this mindset can cause food anxiety, addictive checking of food labels and dangerous calorie restriction.(然而，这种心态会导致食物焦虑、对查看食品标签上瘾以及危险的热量限制。)”可知，如今的年轻人可能会遭受食物焦虑。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“‘It’s important to remember this: parents are influencers, too,’ said Hanson, ‘What we say and do matters to our teens.’(Hanson说：“要记住这一点很重要：父母也是有影响力的人。我们的言行对青少年很重要。”)”可知，Hanson认为父母的影响有助于青少年形成更健康的饮食习惯。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。文章开篇通过心理学家Katie Hurley的话引出节食文化对青少年的影响这一话题，接着阐述了节食文化在社交媒体、电视等多方面对青少年的影响，以及这种影响带来的诸如食物焦虑等问题，最后提到父母在帮助青少年形成健康饮食习惯方面的作用。所以C项How Diet Culture Affects Teenagers(节食文化如何影响青少年)最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。
话题
| 人与动物
| 主题
| 介绍利用人工智能工具分析企鹅照片优势、应用以及存在的争议
| 字数
| 314
|
[12]（24-25高一上·广东东莞·期末）With an AI tool, researchers study penguin photos taken by tourists and scientists to track Adélie penguins in Antarctica. “Right now, everyone has a camera in their pocket, and the number of photos we could collect for studying will be out of our expectation,” says Thomas Brown, a scientist from an international research team.
With guidance from an expert, the AI tool is able to get a handle on and draw out the penguin groups in photos. Compared with human, the AI finds and marks Adélie penguins in these photos more quickly, taking only 5 to 10 seconds per image.
The team created a 3D map of the Antarctica to know exactly where the photos were taken. By identifying the details in the tourist pictures, the researchers could place the photographer and the habitats of the Adélie penguin groups within the 3D map to get a bird’s eye view. This allows researchers to track how Adélie penguin groups change in location and population size over time. Such tracking is important because it can tell the climate changes. That is what researchers want to know. Similarly, the AI tool can also use historical photos to track natural signs such as glacier (冰川) changes that develop very slowly and may only be obvious by looking across many years.
Opinions about AI tools are different among researchers. Some worry that using tourist photos for research may encourage more people to visit Antarctica, which might lead to more tourist activities and could destroy the ecosystem in the end. However, for Thomas, he believes studying tourist photos with the AI tool could be useful, especially as many penguin groups have not been noticed by the research community. “Since Antarctica is hard to study twenty-four-seven,” says Thomas, “this method is helpful for keeping an eye on penguin groups that might only get studied once in a while.”
1．Why do the research team use an AI tool in their study?
A．To collect the photos from tourists. B．To follow moving paths of penguins.
C．To study the photos taken by tourists. D．To identify the 3D map of Antarctica.
2．Which of the following can replace the underlined “get a handle on” in Paragraph 2?
A．Identify. B．Ignore.
C．Explore. D．Revise.
3．What do researchers want to know by tracking Adélie penguins?
A．Glacier sizes. B．Location marks.
C．Climate changes. D．Penguin numbers.
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．3D map helps locate penguin groups. B．Adélie penguins help develop AI tools.
C．Penguins show signs of climate change. D．Researchers use AI to track penguin groups.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员利用人工智能工具分析游客和科学家拍摄的企鹅照片，以追踪南极洲的阿德利企鹅，并阐述了这种方法的优势、应用以及存在的争议。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“With an AI tool, researchers study penguin photos taken by tourists and scientists to track Adélie penguins in Antarctica.(通过人工智能工具，研究人员研究了游客和科学家拍摄的企鹅照片，以追踪南极洲的南极企鹅)”可知，研究团队在他们的研究中使用人工智能工具是为了研究游客拍摄的照片。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据后文“Compared with human, the AI finds and marks Adélie penguins in these photos more quickly, taking only 5 to 10 seconds per image.(与人类相比，人工智能在这些照片中发现和标记企鹅的速度更快，每张照片只需要5到10秒)”可知，此处讲述人工智能处理照片的速度更快，能更快识别企鹅，推知get a handle on是“识别”之意，和identify意思相近。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Such tracking is important because it can tell the climate changes. That is what researchers want to know. Similarly, the AI tool can also use historical photos to track natural signs such as glacier (冰川) changes that develop very slowly and may only be obvious by looking across many years.(这种追踪很重要，因为它可以告诉我们气候的变化。这正是研究人员想知道的。同样，人工智能工具也可以使用历史照片来追踪自然迹象，比如冰川的变化，这些变化发展非常缓慢，可能只有经过多年观察才会很明显)”可知，研究人员想通过跟踪企鹅来了解气候的变化。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“With an AI tool, researchers study penguin photos taken by tourists and scientists to track Adélie penguins in Antarctica. “Right now, everyone has a camera in their pocket, and the number of photos we could collect for studying will be out of our expectation,” says Thomas Brown, a scientist from an international research team.(通过人工智能工具，研究人员研究了游客和科学家拍摄的企鹅照片，以追踪南极洲的南极企鹅。“现在，每个人口袋里都有一台相机，我们可以收集的用于研究的照片数量将超出我们的预期，”来自一个国际研究团队的科学家托马斯·布朗（Thomas Brown）说)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述研究人员利用人工智能工具分析游客和科学家拍摄的企鹅照片，以追踪南极洲的阿德利企鹅。故选D项。
话题
| 人与动物
| 主题
| 介绍鸟的睡眠周期短还阐述其站着睡的平衡机制
| 字数
| 347
|
[13]（24-25高一上·广东·期末）Some of life’s simplest mysteries can prove the hardest to solve. One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch.
The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep.
To fall asleep, a bird’s body goes through a series of changes, one of which is that the muscles lose their hardness, which happens as a main result of reduced brain control of muscle movement. To stand perfectly balanced on a branch while the muscles become weak isn’t easy. Anyone who has tried to sleep while standing on a train would know this. So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes.
But a recent paper found that sleeping European starlings (a common bird found in North America and Europe) don’t use the mechanism. The researchers observed that the birds bent their knees only slightly, not enough for the mechanism to kick into action. The toes, as a result, were largely unbent, and the birds balanced on the central part of their feet while they slept.
“Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai.
1．What does the underlined word “This” in the second paragraph refer to?
A．Birds’ light sleep style.
B．The variation in sleep cycles.
C．Birds’ special brain structure.
D．The continuation of deep sleep.
2．What is the role of flexor tendons in helping birds balance on branches?
A．Enabling the power of birds’ legs.
B．Stretching to make talons bend and lock.
C．Controlling muscles’ hardness and movement.
D．Connecting muscles to strengthen their functions.
3．What can we infer from Salama’s words?
A．Learning birds’ habits needs cooperation.
B．Denying birds’ importance is unwise.
C．Studying birds’ sleep has challenges.
D．Knowing birds’ balancing acts is useful.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Why Do Birds Require Less Sleep?
B．Why Do European Starlings Sleep Differently?
C．Why Do Sleeping Birds Have One Eye Open?
D．Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches?
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍鸟的睡眠周期短且部分大脑清醒，还阐述其站着睡的平衡机制及欧椋鸟的特殊情况。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep.(人类深度睡眠的睡眠周期持续几分钟，但鸟类的睡眠周期不到10秒；它们会让大脑的一部分保持清醒，当一只鸟睁开一只眼睛时，你可能会注意到这一点。这将使鸟类能够在接到通知后立即逃跑，即使它们正在睡觉)”可知，我们深度睡眠会持续几分钟，但鸟类的睡眠深度仅持续10秒左右。并且，鸟类会保持一半大脑处于清醒状态。这样短暂且灵活的睡眠方式使它们即使在睡眠中也能随时逃避猎食者。由此可知，划线词This在这里指代鸟类浅的睡眠方式。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes.(因此，当一只鸟放下身体时，它的爪子会自动地、不自觉地弯曲，紧紧地抓住树枝，直到腿伸直，爪子才会放松。这种机制背后的关键是连接肌肉和骨骼的屈肌腱。屈肌腱伸展，从而使鸟的脚趾弯曲)”可知，鸟类弯下身时，它的爪子会自动且不由自主地弯曲，紧紧抓住树枝，除非腿部伸直才会放开。这一机制的关键在于鸟类的屈肌腱，它连接了肌肉和骨骼，伸展时会使得鸟类的脚趾弯曲牢牢锁住树枝以保持平衡。B选项“伸展使爪子弯曲并锁住”符合题意。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai.(“鸟类多样而独特，根据研究的物种、属或科的不同，它们表现出不同的身体、生理和行为。睡眠周期的差异也很大。虽然我们可能还不知道整个故事，但不可否认的是，鸟类每天都能做到这种平衡是非常了不起的！”拥有孟买圣泽维尔学院生命科学和生物化学学位的Salama说)”可知，Salama认为：鸟类种类繁多且独特，所以会展现出不同的身体特征、生理结构和行为。同时，它们的睡眠周期同样复杂，我们尚未了解全部情况。由此推知：研究鸟类睡眠是有挑战的。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 “One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch.(其中一个谜是鸟是如何睡觉的，尤其是当它在树枝上的时候)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要解释了鸟类在树上睡觉时不会掉下来的原因。所以“Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches?( 为什么睡觉的鸟不会从树枝上掉下来？)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。
话题
| 人与自我
| 主题
| 介绍人工智能可以准确从大脑活动中解码语音
| 字数
| 335
|
[14]（24-25高一上·广东深圳·期末）An artificial intelligence can decode (解码) words and sentences from brain activity with surprising accuracy. Using only a few seconds of brain activity data, the AI guesses what a person has heard. It lists the correct answer in its top 10 possibilities, researchers found in a primary study.
Developed by the parent company of Facebook, Meta, the AI could eventually be used to help thousands of people around the world who are unable to communicate through speech, typing or gestures.
Most existing technologies to help such patients communicate require risky brain surgeries to put in electrodes (电极). This new approach “could provide a possible path to help patients with communication problems, avoiding the use of surgeries,” says neuroscientist Jean-Rémi King, a Meta AI researcher. King and his colleagues trained a computational tool, also known as a language model, to detect words and sentences on 56,000 hours of speech recordings from 53 languages. The team applied an AI with this language model to databases from four institutions that included brain activity from 169 volunteers. In these databases, participants listened to various stories and sentences, while the people’s brains were scanned by magnetoencephalography (MEG) (脑磁图).
Then with the help of a computational method that helps account for physical differences among actual brains, the team tried to decode what participants had heard using just three seconds of brain activity data from each person. The team instructed the AI to match up the speech sounds from the story recordings with patterns of brain activity that the AI computed as corresponding to what people were hearing. It then made predictions about what the person might have been hearing during that short time, given more than 1,000 possibilities. Using MEG, the correct answer was in the AI’s top 10 guesses, the researchers found.
“The new study is the decoding of speech recognition, not production,” King agrees. “Though speech production is the final goal, for now, we're quite a long way away.”
1．Whom might the AI benefit?
A．People unable to read. B．People who are unconscious.
C．People who can't move around. D．People unable to communicate normally.
2．What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
A．The purpose of the AI. B．The significance of the AI.
C．The advantage of the AI. D．The working principle of the AI.
3．What does the AI require to make its prediction?
A．Speech production. B．Top ten guesses.
C．Patterns of brain activity. D．Disabled volunteers.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．A New Way to Decode Speech B．The Employment of MEG Technology
C．An Advance in Artificial Intelligence D．A Solution to Communication Problems
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一项新研究指出人工智能可以以惊人的准确性从大脑活动中解码语音，最终帮助世界各地成千上万无法通过语音、打字或手势进行交流的人。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Developed by the parent company of Facebook, Meta, the AI could eventually be used to help thousands of people around the world who are unable to communicate through speech, typing or gestures.(Facebook的母公司Meta开发的人工智能最终可能被用于帮助全球数千名无法通过言语、打字或手势进行交流的人)”可知，无法正常交流的人可能从AI中受益。故选D。
2．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Then with the help of a computational method that helps account for physical differences among actual brains, the team tried to decode what participants had heard using just three seconds of brain activity data from each person. The team instructed the AI to match up the speech sounds from the story recordings with patterns of brain activity that the AI computed as corresponding to what people were hearing. It then made predictions about what the person might have been hearing during that short time, given more than 1,000 possibilities.(然后，在一种有助于解释实际大脑之间物理差异的计算方法的帮助下，研究小组试图通过每个人三秒钟的大脑活动数据来解码参与者所听到的内容。该团队指示人工智能将故事录音中的语音与人工智能计算出的与人们听到的内容相对应的大脑活动模式相匹配。然后，它根据1000多种可能性，预测这个人在短时间内可能听到的内容)”可知，本段主要讲述了AI的工作原理。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The team instructed the AI to match up the speech sounds from the story recordings with patterns of brain activity that the Al computed as corresponding to what people were hearing.(该团队指示AI将故事录音中的语音与AI计算出的与人们听到的内容相对应的大脑活动模式进行匹配)”可知，人工智能需要大脑活动模式才能做出预测。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“An artificial intelligence can decode (解码) words and sentences from brain activity with surprising accuracy. Using only a few seconds of brain activity data, the AI guesses what a person has heard.(人工智能可以以惊人的准确度从大脑活动中解码单词和句子。只需要几秒钟的大脑活动数据，人工智能就能猜测出一个人听到了什么。)”和第二段的“Developed by the parent company of Facebook, Meta, the AI could eventually be used to help thousands of people around the world who are unable to communicate through speech, typing or gestures.(这款人工智能由Facebook的母公司Meta开发，最终可用于帮助全球成千上万无法通过语音、打字或手势进行交流的人。)”可知，本文主要讲的是一项新研究指出人工智能可以以惊人的准确性从大脑活动中解码语音，最终帮助世界各地成千上万无法通过语音、打字或手势进行交流的人，因此最好的题目是A选项“A New Way to Decode Speech(语音解码的新方法)”，故选A。
话题
| 人与自我
| 主题
| 讲述倾听的好处以及如何在倾听时避免感到疲惫
| 字数
| 329
|
[15]（24-25高一上·广东广州·期末）Conversations are like two-way streets: we take turns speaking and listening. While we often focus on what we say, there’s something effective in the act of listening. It can build trust, strengthen social relationships, and deepen our understanding of the world around us. So, it’s no surprise that when we think of listening, positive words like trust, respect, understanding and growth come to mind.
But here’s where it gets difficult — being a good listener isn’t easy. It can cause emotional tiredness, especially in tough conversations. Think about the last time someone expressed their disappointment or shared their pain with you. How did you feel?
My co-workers and I recently explored the downsides of listening in a study with school teachers. We found the more effort teachers put into listening, the more they reported feeling burned out.
Why does this happen? For teachers, listening isn't just about hearing words — it also means taking in their students’ emotional challenges, disappointments and struggles, especially when teachers feel responsible for solving problems they may have no way or time to deal with. Over time, this emotional pressure increases, leading to burnout finally.
And this isn’t just a problem for teachers, it affects all of us. Whether we're parents, partners, friends, or co-workers, we all find ourselves in situations where we have to listen to others’ worries and stresses since we' re continuously connected and expected to be there for others.
So, how can we listen without burning out?
First, focus on listening without planning your response. This keeps you there and allows the speaker to feel truly heard. Second, understand that sometimes just listening is beneficial — don’t feel responsible to fix the problem unless you’re asked for advice. Finally, don't always feel like you have to respond or paraphrase. While paraphrasing can be helpful in many situations, when someone is sharing a really bad experience, like the loss of a loved one, mirroring those emotions back to them may only deepen their pain.
1．What can listening bring us according to paragraph 1?
A．Physical growth. B．Good relationship.
C．Economic support. D．Professional knowledge.
2．What does the underlined word “downsides” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Methods. B．Results. C．Challenges. D．Disadvantages.
3．In the study, why did teachers feel burnout?
A．They failed to understand students’ struggles.
B．They were forced to solve students’ challenges.
C．They heard too many students’ emotional problems.
D．They suffered growing stress for not helping students out.
4．What is suggested for listening?
A．Listen without doing anything else. B．Repeat someone’s problem to themselves.
C．Solve the speaker’s problem immediately. D．Think about your answer while listening.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了倾听的好处以及如何在倾听时避免感到疲惫。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It can build trust, strengthen social relationships, and deepen our understanding of the world around us.(它可以建立信任，加强社会关系，并加深我们对周围世界的理解。)”可知，倾听可以带来良好的人际关系。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据下文“We found the more effort teachers put into listening, the more they reported feeling burned out.(我们发现，老师们在倾听上投入的努力越多，他们报告的疲惫感就越强。)”可知，作者和同事最近在与学校教师的一项研究中探讨了倾听的缺点，由此可知，“downsides”意思是“缺点，不利之处”。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“For teachers, listening isn't just about hearing words — it also means taking in their students’ emotional challenges, disappointments and struggles, especially when teachers feel responsible for solving problems they may have no way or time to deal with. Over time, this emotional pressure increases, leading to burnout finally.(对老师来说，倾听不仅仅是听到话语——它还意味着接受学生的情感挑战、失望和挣扎，尤其是当老师觉得自己有责任解决他们可能没有办法或时间处理的问题时。随着时间的推移，这种情感压力会增加，最终导致疲惫。)”可知，老师们因为没有帮助学生而承受越来越大的压力。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“First, focus on listening without planning your response.(首先，专注于倾听，不要计划你的回应。)”可知，建议只听，不做其他任何事情。故选A。
话题
| 人与自然
| 主题
| 介绍斯瓦尔巴全球种子库的建立及其对全球粮食安全的重要性
| 字数
| 339
|
[16]（24-25高一上·广东茂名·期末）About 20 years ago, Cary Fowler and Geoffrey Hawtin wanted to stop hunger and protect the world’s food supply.
Fowler and Hawtin’s goal was to keep a supply of seeds (种子) safe if existing seed banks were put at risk by war, climate change, or other dangers. They decided to build their storage building into the side of a mountain north of the Arctic Circle.
Their idea became the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the Norwegian island of Svalbard. The vault opened in 2008 and now holds 1.25 million seed samples from nearly every country in the world. The structure was built into the side of a mountain. It protects the seeds of over 6,000 kinds of agriculturally (农业上) important plants. Fowler and Hawtin were named the 2024 World Food Prize winners for their work.
For many years, countries have created seed banks to store seeds for future use. But Fowler said he was concerned that climate change would cause disorder in agriculture. This would make the seed supply even more important.
Hawtin said there were a lot of threats to crops in the past, such as insects, disease, and political unrest. He said that climate change has made these problems worse. So, he and Fowler saw a need for additional safe seed storage. Hawtin explained that climate change is changing insects and diseases. He added, “Climate change is putting a whole lot of extra problems on what has always been important ones.”
Fowler and Hawtin said they hope to win the World Food Prize. It will help them raise more money for seed banks around the world. Managing them is not too exorbitant. However, the financial (财政的) support needs to continue forever.
Norman Borlaug set up the World Food Prize. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his part in what is called the “Green Revolution”. That was a big effort to make crops more productive so the world’s growing population would not go hungry.
1．What is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault?
A．A farm. B．A garden.
C．A storehouse. D．A seed bank.
2．What can we know about Cary Fowler and Geoffrey Hawtin?
A．They both come from Norway.
B．They are concerned about future climate change.
C．They will be recommended for the Nobel Peace Prize.
D．They may fail to win the World Food Prize.
3．What does the underlined “exorbitant” in Paragraph 6 mean?
A．Costly. B．Worried. C．Satisfying. D．Simple.
4．Why does the author mention Norman Borlaug in the last paragraph?
A．To stress the importance of agriculture. B．To introduce a Nobel Prize winner.
C．To provide more background. D．To discuss the population problem.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是斯瓦尔巴全球种子库的建立及其对全球粮食安全的重要性。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Their idea became the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the Norwegian island of Svalbard.(他们的想法成为了挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛上的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库)”可知，Svalbard Global Seed Vault是一个种子库。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“For many years, countries have created seed banks to store seeds for future use. But Fowler said he was concerned that climate change would cause disorder in agriculture. This would make the seed supply even more important.(多年来，各国建立了种子银行来储存种子以备将来使用。但福勒表示，他担心气候变化会导致农业混乱。这将使种子供应变得更加重要)”和第五段“Hawtin said there were a lot of threats to crops in the past, such as insects, disease, and political unrest. He said that climate change has made these problems worse. So, he and Fowler saw a need for additional safe seed storage. Hawtin explained that climate change is changing insects and diseases. He added, “Climate change is putting a whole lot of extra problems on what has always been important ones.”(霍廷说，过去农作物面临很多威胁，比如昆虫、疾病和政治动荡。他说，气候变化使这些问题变得更糟。因此，他和福勒认为需要额外的安全种子储存。霍廷解释说，气候变化正在改变昆虫和疾病。他补充说，“气候变化给一直很重要的问题带来了一大堆额外的问题。”)”可知，他们二人都很关注气候变化。故选B。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Fowler and Hawtin said they hope to win the World Food Prize. It will help them raise more money for seed banks around the world.(福勒和霍廷说，他们希望赢得世界粮食奖。这将帮助他们为世界各地的种子银行筹集更多资金)”以及下文“However, the financial (财政的) support needs to continue forever.(然而，财政支持需要永远持续下去)”可知，虽然管理这个种子库费用不高昂，但难的是这个财政支持必须一直持续下去。However表示前后形成转折关系。故划线词意思是“昂贵的”。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Norman Borlaug set up the World Food Prize. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his part in what is called the “Green Revolution”. That was a big effort to make crops more productive so the world’s growing population would not go hungry.(诺曼·博洛格设立了世界粮食奖。1970年，他因参与所谓的“绿色革命”而获得诺贝尔和平奖。这是一项巨大的努力，目的是提高农作物的产量，这样世界上不断增长的人口就不会挨饿)”可知，提到No man Borlaug主要为了介绍他设立的世界粮食奖，从而为读者提供更多的背景材料。故选C。
话题
| 人与动物
| 主题
| 研究发现小山雀之间使用翅膀动作进行非言语沟通的新现象
| 字数
| 328
|
[17]（24-25高一上·河南漯河·期末）A team of researchers has uncovered an unusual thing of communication between birds. The study says that small tits (山雀) use wing gestures to communicate a polite “after you” to their mates.
The findings are very important in our understanding of non-verbal communication in the animal kingdom, particularly among birds.
Human communication heavily relies on gestures, such as giving a thumbs-up, waving goodbye, or pointing to pass on messages without the use of words. This way of communication was once thought to be only used by humans until observations of chimpanzees (黑猩猩) showed their ability to use body movement to express themselves non-verbally.
However, the idea of symbolic gesturing, such as a human showing an open hand to signal “after you” has not been observed in non-human species until now.
“In our latest discovery, we’ve found that the tits use some gestures to communicate with their mates,” said Toshitaka Suzuki, one of the researchers. These birds, which form mating pairs and build their nests in the tree, show a unique form of gestural communication. When arriving at the nest with food, a pair of birds would often stay nearby, and one would flutter its wings towards the other, signaling for its mate to enter the nest first. This wing-fluttering gesture, mainly shown by females, determines the order of nest entry, mirroring the human “after you” gesture.
“We were surprised to find that the results were much clearer than we had expected. We observed that a tit fluttered its wings only in the presence of its mate, and upon seeing this behavior, the mate almost always entered the nest first,” said Suzuki.
The scientists’ work not only shows the rich animal languages but offers key insights into the origins and evolution (进化) of language itself. “Language may evolve from gestural communication.” Suzuki said, “So these studies can help us understand the evolution of complex communication, including our own language.”
1．What does the underlined word “non-verbal” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Spoken. B．Written. C．Noisy. D．Silent.
2．According to Suzuki, what does the wing-flutter mean for tits?
A．A threat to other species. B．An attraction for their mates.
C．A signal for first nest entry. D．A casual action with no purpose.
3．What is the significance of studying animal gestures?
A．Showing animals can copy human speech. B．Proving all species communicate similarly.
C．Highlighting humans’ uniqueness in language. D．Aiding in understanding language evolution.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．The Evolution of Animal Communication. B．The Wing-fluttering Gestures of Small Tits.
C．The Discovery of Symbolic Gestures in Birds. D．The Role of Gestures in Animal Communication.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究人员发现了一种鸟类（小山雀）之间使用翅膀动作进行非言语沟通的新现象。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“The study says that small tits (山雀) use wing gestures to communicate a polite “after you” to their mates.(研究表明，小山雀用翅膀的手势向同伴礼貌地表示“您先请”。)”可知，动物王国有非语言交流的方式，non-verbal意为“非语言的”，和silent意思相近。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When arriving at the nest with food, a pair of birds would often stay nearby, and one would flutter its wings towards the other, signaling for its mate to enter the nest first.(当带着食物到达鸟巢时，一对鸟通常会呆在附近，一只鸟会向另一只鸟振翅，示意它的配偶先进入鸟巢。)”可知，翅膀扑动对山雀来说意味着首次入巢的信号。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The scientists’ work not only shows the rich animal languages but offers key insights into the origins and evolution of language itself.(科学家们的工作不仅展示了丰富的动物语言，而且为语言本身的起源和进化提供了关键的见解。)”可知，研究动物手势的意义是帮助理解语言的进化。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“A team of researchers has uncovered an unusual thing of communication between birds. The study says that small tits (山雀) use wing gestures to communicate a polite “after you” to their mates.(一组研究人员发现了鸟类之间不寻常的交流方式。研究表明，小山雀用翅膀的手势向同伴礼貌地表示“您先请”。)”可知，本文主要讲的是研究人员发现了一种鸟类（小山雀）之间使用翅膀动作进行非言语沟通的新现象，因此最好的题目是C选项“The Discovery of Symbolic Gestures in Birds.(鸟类象征性手势的发现。)”。故选C。
话题
| 人与社会
| 主题
| 利用技术帮助老年人在家独立生活并减轻他们家庭的照顾负担
| 字数
| 328
|
[18]（24-25高一上·河南驻马店·期末）As people age, they often share common desires: to remain in their own homes, to maintain their independence for as long as possible, and to rely on family and friends for support when necessary. This concept (概念) of staying in their home as they age is known as “aging in place”. However, many older adults and their families have concerns about safety and daily activities.
When Weakley lived 400 miles from her 82-year-old grandmother, Janet Dibkey, who was living alone and showing early signs of memory loss, the long distance and lack of care brought Weakley constant worry. Janet Dibkey is among more than 90% of older adults who want to spend their later years in their own homes. Weakley is one of more than 53 million Americans as a caregiver. She is also a researcher helping older Americans maintain independence through communication tools and technology.
Created in partnership with caregivers and other experts, Weakley designed the Interactive Care Platform, or I-Care, to connect older adults experiencing mental disability to their family members who live apart for support in completing these important daily activities, such as managing medicine, paying bills on time and remembering to attend appointments.
I-Care has a homepage that lists weather conditions, upcoming events and recent caregiver messages, and a calendar that can be changed by both the care receiver and caregiver. Besides, there is a messaging center where care partners can send messages and make video calls and a goals section where individuals can track brain health behaviors such as exercise and cognitive (认知) engagement.
“Dr. Weakley’s creative work is very exciting because she is using technology to support families in ways that are both practical and meaningful. It addresses social isolation and loneliness in the care receiver and stress and worry in the caregiver, which is important for well-being in daily life for both people with memory loss and their families,” a reporter from USA Today said.
1．What do we learn about older people according to paragraph 1?
A．They aren’t concerned about safety. B．They only depend on family for care.
C．They prefer to stay in their homes. D．They don’t have enough daily activities.
1．Why was Weakley worried about her grandmother?
A．Her grandmother wanted to live on her own.
B．Her grandmother suffered from a serious disease.
C．She couldn’t live up to her grandmother’s expectations.
D．She couldn’t look after her grandmother for living far.
2．Which of the following best describes I-Care?
A．It ensures the safety of older people. B．It provides effective medical treatment.
C．It prevents memory loss of older members. D．It benefits both older people and their families.
3．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．I-Care Helping Older Adults Age in Place.
B．New Tech Changing the Life of Older People.
C．I-Care Reducing the Stress of the Elderly People.
D．New Tech Treating Older Adults for Memory Loss.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲述了Weakley利用技术帮助老年人在家中独立生活，并减轻他们家庭的照顾负担。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“As people age, they often share common desires: to remain in their own homes, to maintain their independence for as long as possible, and to rely on family and friends for support when necessary.(随着人们年龄的增长，他们通常会有一个共同的愿望：尽可能长时间地留在自己家里，维持独立性，并在必要时依靠家人和朋友的支持)”可知，老年人更喜欢留在他们自己的家里。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“When Weakley lived 400 miles from her 82-year-old grandmother, Janet Dibkey, who was living alone and showing early signs of memory loss, the long distance and lack of care brought Weakley constant worry.(当Weakley住在离她82岁独居并显示出记忆力减退早期迹象的祖母Janet Dibkey 400英里远的地方时，长距离和缺乏护理让Weakley不断担心)”可知，Weakley担心祖母是因为她住得太远，无法照顾自己的祖母。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Created in partnership with caregivers and other experts, Weakley designed the Interactive Care Platform, or I-Care, to connect older adults experiencing mental disability to their family members who live apart for support in completing these important daily activities, such as managing medicine, paying bills on time and remembering to attend appointments.(与护理人员和其他专家合作，Weakley设计了互动护理平台，即I-Care，将有精神障碍的老年人与远离的家人连接起来，支持完成诸如管理药物、按时付款和记住出席约会等重要日常活动)”，以及第四段“I-Care has a homepage that lists weather conditions, upcoming events and recent caregiver messages, and a calendar that can be changed by both the care receiver and caregiver. Besides, there is a messaging center where care partners can send messages and make video calls and a goals section where individuals can track brain health behaviors such as exercise and cognitive engagement.(I-Care有一个主页，上面列出了天气状况、即将发生的事件和最近的护理人员消息，以及一个可以由照护者和被护理者双方更改的日历。此外，还有一个信息中心，护理伙伴可以在这里发送消息和进行视频通话，还有一个目标部分，个人可以跟踪大脑健康行为，如锻炼和认知参与)”可知，I-Care 不仅可以帮助老年人完成日常事务，还可以减轻家人的压力，对老年人及其家人都有好处。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容和第五段““Dr. Weakley’s creative work is very exciting because she is using technology to support families in ways that are both practical and meaningful. It addresses social isolation and loneliness in the care receiver and stress and worry in the caregiver, which is important for well—being in daily life for both people with memory loss and their families, ” a reporter from USA Today said.(“Weakley博士的创造性工作非常令人兴奋，因为她正在使用技术以既实用又有意义的方式支持家庭。它解决了被照顾者的社会孤立和孤独，以及照顾者的压力和担忧，这对失忆症患者及其家人的日常生活都很重要，”《今日美国》的一名记者说)”，可知，文章主要讲述了Weakley博士设计的I-Care互动护理平台如何帮助老年人在家中养老，并减轻家人的压力。因此，A选项“帮助老年人在家中养老的I-Care”最能作为本文标题。故选A。
话题
| 人与自我
| 主题
| 介绍了《你当像鸟飞往你的山》这本书以及作者的阅读感受
| 字数
| 336
|
[19]（24-25高一上·河南驻马店·期末）Educated is a memoir (回忆录) by Tara Westover, a woman who grows up as the youngest of seven in a rural Idaho Mormon community. She and her brothers were all born at home and are homeschooled, and her parents are deeply doubtful about the government. Her father fears that public education standards are just brainwashing.
The story is told in three parts. Part One details her childhood. Westover describes her father’s radicalization (激进). In Part Two, Westover goes to college at BYU. She describes the culture shock of being confused about what the Holocaust (大屠杀) was. Then she has to learn about history and struggles through her first romantic relationship. Finally in Part Three, Westover goes to Cambridge for her PhD, attempts to face her family issues and brings us up to date with her life now.
Educated is an attractive book on various levels. As a personal journey for Westover, it’s successful. Westover goes from receiving little education to eventually getting her PhD at Cambridge. As a story, it’s unique. Westover’s experiences make for a different viewpoint. And as a reader, it’s interesting to consider how her views are shaped.
To be honest, in the beginning Educated was not on my reading list until it became a real hit. It’s highly personal and not a topic I am particularly interested in. I feel that perhaps Westover wrote this book too soon. It seems like the story we’re reading is the one she’s built on purpose to make sense of everything that happened to her. I imagine she still has a longer journey to really process it all and what it means. And, when the book concludes, things are largely unsolved with her family. However, Westover’s story of struggle has inspired a lot of readers, including me. Besides, from this book I have a better understanding that education is really an important process of self-discovery — of developing a sense of self and what you think.
1．Why are Tara and her brothers homeschooled?
A．They can’t afford to go to school. B．There aren’t schools in the community.
C．Their parents don’t trust the government. D．Their parents are well educated to teach them.
2．What can we know about Tara Westover from Educated?
A．She has a happy childhood. B．She’s awarded her PHD at BYU.
C．She once suffered culture shock. D．She has trouble getting on with others.
3．What may first cause the author to choose the book?
A．It is quite enjoyed by readers. B．Its topic attracts the author.
C．The story is very interesting. D．Its content is new to the author.
4．What’s the author’s attitude towards this book?
A．Uncertain. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Subjective.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了《你当像鸟飞往你的山》这本书以及作者的阅读感受。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“She and her brothers were all born at home and are homeschooled, and her parents are deeply doubtful about the government.(她和她的兄弟们都在家里出生，在家接受教育，她的父母对政府深表怀疑)”可知，塔拉和她的兄弟们在家上学因为他们的父母不信任政府。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In Part Two, Westover goes to college at BYU. She describes the culture shock of being confused about what the Holocaust (大屠杀) was.(在第二部分中，韦斯特弗去了杨百翰大学。她描述了对大屠杀是什么感到困惑的文化冲击)”可知，塔拉·韦斯特弗曾经遭受过文化冲击。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To be honest, in the beginning Educated was not on my reading list until it became a real hit.(老实说，一开始《你当像鸟飞往你的山》并没有出现在我的阅读清单上，直到它成为一本真正的畅销书)”可知，这本书深受读者的喜爱让作者选择这本书。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To be honest, in the beginning Educated was not on my reading list until it became a real hit. It’s highly personal and not a topic I am particularly interested in. I feel that perhaps Westover wrote this book too soon. It seems like the story we’re reading is the one she’s built on purpose to make sense of everything that happened to her. I imagine she still has a longer journey to really process it all and what it means. And, when the book concludes, things are largely unsolved with her family. However, Westover’s story of struggle has inspired a lot of readers, including me. Besides, from this book I have a better understanding that education is really an important process of self-discovery — of developing a sense of self and what you think.(老实说，一开始《受教育的人》并没有出现在我的阅读清单上，直到它成为一本真正的畅销书。这是非常私人的话题，不是我特别感兴趣的话题。我觉得也许韦斯特奥弗写这本书写得太早了。我们读到的这个故事似乎是她故意编造出来的，好让发生在她身上的一切都有意义。我想她还有更长的一段路要走，才能真正理解这一切以及它的意义。而且，当这本书结束时，她与家人的关系基本上没有得到解决。然而，韦斯特弗的奋斗故事激励了包括我在内的许多读者。此外，从这本书中，我更好地理解了教育实际上是一个重要的自我发现的过程——培养自我意识和你的想法)”可知，作者说明了这本书的一些不足之处以及书带给作者的启发，即作者对这本书持客观态度。故选B。
话题
| 科普知识
| 主题
| 介绍作者讲述前往奥地利因斯布鲁克旅行的经历
| 字数
| 300
|
[20]（24-25高一上·河南洛阳·期末）With the recent relaxation in travel, I found myself visiting Innsbruck, the capital city of the state of Tyrol in Western Austria.
This amazing destination is surrounded within snow capped mountains and is perfect for a short break. You can even enjoy a breathtaking sight at Innsbruck airport as the plane gently moves between the mountains on its journey to the runway.
The city is a combination of modern and historic buildings, serving both as a thriving (繁荣的) university town and a popular tourist centre. Walking through cobbled(铺砌的)streets and specially designed buildings, I could not help but be impressed by this awe-inspiring city. I learned from my guide-book that Innsbruck was the imperial capital 500 years ago when the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I settled here, and it still lives up to its royal (王室的)connections today with its lavish (奢侈的) and amazing buildings. I walked round this city which was easy to explore on foot, amazed at the dramatic backdrop of the Nordkette mountain range which offers skiing, hiking via the Nordkettenbahnen cable railway which is just a 20-minute ride from the centre of Innsbruck. The Goldenes Dachl (“Golden Roof”), an important landmark in Innsbruck shining in the sunlight, can be viewed from the street, and took my breath away.
Of course, no visit to Innsbruck is complete without sampling traditional Austrian food including my personal favourite—apple strudel with vanilla cream. Roadside cafes are plentiful in the city and there is nothing more relaxing than sitting in the sunshine, drinking coffee and watching the world go by. Innsbruck stole my heart with its amazing buildings, great mountains and friendly people. I cannot wait to return to sample more of this delightful European city.
1．How is the text developed?
A．By telling some fact files. B．By providing the latest news.
C．By comparing now and past. D．By following the order of time.
2．What did the author do in the city?
A．He went skiing. B．He viewed Golden Roof.
C．He climbed the mountain. D．He took a 20-minute ride.
3．What does the underlined word “sampling” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．Making. B．Tasting. C．Buying. D．Serving.
4．What’s a suitable title for the text?
A．Innsbruck-My Great Hometown
B．Guidelines on Traveling in Innsbruck
C．A Combination of Present and History
D．My Great Escape-Inspiring Innsbruck
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者讲述前往奥地利因斯布鲁克旅行的经历，描绘城市风光、地标建筑与美食，表达对这座城市的喜爱。
1．推理判断题。文章中作者通过陈述一系列关于因斯布鲁克的事实来展开内容。如第二段“This amazing destination is surrounded within snow capped mountains and is perfect for a short break. (这个令人惊叹的目的地被白雪皑皑的山脉环绕，非常适合短暂休息。)”描述了因斯布鲁克的地理环境；如第三段“The city is a combination of modern and historic buildings, serving both as a thriving (繁荣的) university town and a popular tourist centre.(这座城市融合了现代与历史建筑，既是一个繁荣的大学城，也是一个受欢迎的旅游中心。)”阐述城市特点；第三段“The Goldenes Dachl (‘Golden Roof’), an important landmark in Innsbruck shining in the sunlight, can be viewed from the street, and took my breath away.(“黄金屋顶”，因斯布鲁克的一个重要地标，在阳光下闪耀，从街上就能看到，它让我惊叹不已。)”介绍城市地标等。通过这些事实性描述，全面展现因斯布鲁克。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The Goldenes Dachl (‘Golden Roof’), an important landmark in Innsbruck shining in the sunlight, can be viewed from the street, and took my breath away.(“黄金屋顶”，因斯布鲁克的一个重要地标，在阳光下闪耀，从街上就能看到，它让我惊叹不已。)”可知，作者在城市中观看了黄金屋顶。故选B项。
3．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段“Of course, no visit to Innsbruck is complete without sampling traditional Austrian food including my personal favourite—apple strudel with vanilla cream.(当然，来到因斯布鲁克，如果不sampling传统的奥地利美食，包括我个人最喜欢的搭配香草奶油的苹果卷，那这次旅行就不算完整。)”，从“traditional Austrian food(传统奥地利美食)”以及“apple strudel with vanilla cream(搭配香草奶油的苹果卷)”可推测，sampling 意思是“品尝”，与tasting同义。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。文章讲述作者前往因斯布鲁克旅行的经历，描述了城市的美景、历史建筑、美食等，如文章第四段中“Innsbruck stole my heart with its amazing buildings, great mountains and friendly people.(因斯布鲁克以其令人惊叹的建筑、雄伟的山脉和友好的人民俘获了我的心。)”，突出作者在因斯布鲁克的美好体验，所以D项My Great Escape-Inspiring Innsbruck(我美妙的逃离之旅 —— 令人心动的因斯布鲁克)符合语境。故选D项。
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