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Unit 1 Life Choices
Unit1
| 话题
| 学校生活
| | 词汇
| senior,stressful,challenging,differ, previous, expectation, confidence, pressure, recover, injury, unfortunately,chat,surf,voluntary,definitely,digital,native,various,convenient,quality,actually,drag,target,distance,reduce,editor,remove,entirely,absolutely,organize,seek,professional,feature,typical,inspire.eager,independently,tough,attractive, contact, contribution,intend,informal
| | 短语
| all in all, from time to time, according to, in person, tend to do sth,, get ahead, suffer from, to be frank, due to, in other words.graduate from, apply for, sort of, give up, deal with, be responsible for, as well as, adapt to sth., at the moment, look forward to (doing) sth.
| | 句型
| 1,find＋宾语＋宾补
2,so that引导目的状语从句
3,现在分词(短语)作伴随状语
4,介词＋宾语从句
5,“It is believed that...”意为“人们相信……”
| | 语法
| 动词不定式
| | 写作
| 私人电子邮件
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考点1.stressful adj.充满压力的，紧张的
(经典例句)Studying abroad can be stressful, because you have to worry about adjusting to a new culture at the same time. 出国留学可能会有压力，因为你必须同时担心适应新的文化。
【拓展】
(1)stress n． 压力；强调；紧张；重要性；重音
vt. 强调；使紧张；加压于；用重音读
under stress 在压力之下
under the stress of 在……的压力下，为……所迫
lay/place/put stress on/upon
强调……
stress the importance of 强调……的重要性
(2)stressed adj. 感到有压力的(指人)
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)You should have a rest if you feel _________ (stress)．
(2)He's ________ stress because he has too much work to do.
(3)Most doctors and nurses live under ____________ (stress) conditions.
(4)(普通表达)Our teacher often stresses the importance of a good education.
(高级表达)_______________________ is the importance of a good education. (what引导主语从句)
【答案】(1) stressed (2) under (3) stressful (4) What our teacher often stresses
【教考衔接】
1.(2019·北京卷)And he stressed the importance of working with our own hands.
并且他强调了亲自动手劳动的重要性。
考点2.challenging adj.富有挑战性的
【拓展】
(1)challenge n． 挑战；难题；质疑
vt. 挑战；怀疑
a challenge to 对……的挑战
meet/face a challenge 应对/面临挑战
challenge sb. to (do) sth. 向某人挑战(做)某事/
要求某人做某事
(2)challenged adj. 受到挑战的；残疾的，
有伤的
【练练不忘】
(1)(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ___________ (challenge)．
(2)I challenged him ___ a game of tennis.
(3)环境的破坏是我们所面临的最严峻的挑战之一。
Destruction of the environment is ____________________________．
【答案】(1) challenged (2) to (3) one of the most serious challenges we face
【教考衔接】
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Landing on the moon's far side is extremely challenging.
在月球的远端着陆是非常具有挑战性的。
考点3.differ v．不同，不一样，有区别
[教材原句] differs in many ways from my previous one
在许多方面与我以前的(学校)不同
【拓展】
(1)differ from...in... 在……方面不同于……；
在……方面和……不同
(2)difference n. 不同之处
(3)different adj. 不同的
be different from...in... 在……方面与……不同
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)French differs from English in this respect.
(2)I can never tell the difference(different) between the twins.
(3)British English differs obviously from American English in pronunciation and spelling.(differ v．)英式英语和美式英语在单词的发音和拼写方面有明显的区别。
【答案】(1) from (2) difference (3) British English differs obviously from American English
考点4.schedule n．日程表，计划表 vt.为……安排时间；列入
[教材原句] What is also very different is that students in the same class can have different class schedules.
非常不同的还有同一个班的学生可以有不同的课程表。
【拓展】
(1)on schedule 按时；按时间表
ahead of schedule 提前
behind schedule 迟于预定时间
(2)be scheduled to do... 预定/计划做……
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)I'm scheduled to arrive(arrive) in Shanghai at 5 o'clock.
(2)The project was finished behind schedule because of the bad weather.
(3)别担心！为了按时完成，拍摄会如期开始的。
Don't worry！Filming will begin on schedule to get finished on time.
【答案】(1) to arrive (2) behind (3) will begin on schedule
【教考衔接】
(2020·天津卷7月)The ceremony was scheduled to be held on June 8，during which we reviewed the past events and watched some videos about the heroic deeds of our schoolmates in the battle against COVID19.
仪式安排在6月8日举行，期间我们回顾了过去的事情，并观看了一些关于同学们在对抗新冠肺炎的战斗中英勇事迹的视频。
考点5.voluntary adj.志愿的；服务的；自愿的
[教材原句]to do voluntary work 做志愿工作
【拓展】
(1)on a voluntary basis 在自愿的基础上
(2)volunteer n. 志愿者
v. 自愿(做)
volunteer for... 自愿参加……
volunteer to do... 自愿做……
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)Where do the volunteers get training before taking on their voluntary work? (volunteer)
(2)Why do you want to volunteer for our organization?
(3)妈妈，我今天自愿洗盘子，因为你太累了。
Mum, I volunteer to wash the plates today, for you are so tired.
【答案】(1) volunteers; voluntary (2) for (3) volunteer to wash the plates
考点6. range n．一系列；范围 vi.(在一定范围内)变化；包括，涉及；排列
[教材原句] I do a wide range of things online.我在网上做各种各样的事情。
【拓展】
(1)a range of 一系列的，各种各样的
in/within (the) range (of)．.. 在……的范围内
beyond/out of (the) range of... 超出……的范围
(2)range from ...to... 从……到……
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The subject is beyond my range and I can't deal with it.
(2)在公路上行驶时，驾驶员必须将车速控制在限速范围内。
When driving on highways, the driver must control his or her speed in/within the range of speedlimiting.
【答案】(1) beyond (2) in/within the range of
【教考衔接】
①(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)In any given office，employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond，and finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge.
在任何特定的办公室，员工的年龄从22岁到70岁甚至更大，在交流方式上找到共同点可能是一项挑战。
②(北京卷)The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.
考点7.addict n．对……着迷的人
[教材原句] My parents are worried that I may become an “Internet addict”．
我的父母担心我会成为一个“网迷”。
【拓展】
(1)addicted adj. 上瘾的，入迷的
be/become/get addicted to (doing) sth.
对(做)某事上瘾
(2)addiction n. 瘾；入迷
(3)addictive adj. 使人上瘾的；使人入迷的
【经典练】
单句语法填空
(1)It started as a hobby, but it got so addictive (addict) that I had to keep on doing it.
(2)If the law punished addiction, we would all be in prison because we are addicted to our phones.(addict)
(3)Addicted to playing (play) the violin, he didn't notice a thief walk into his house.
(4)(普通表达)The boy was addicted to computer games，and he didn't want to study.
(高级表达)Addicted to computer games, the boy didn't want to study.(形容词短语作状语)
【答案】(1) addictive (2) addiction; addicted (3) playing (4) Addicted to computer games
考点8.tend to do sth. 易于做某事；倾向于做某事
[教材原句] I tend to set a goal for every subject at the beginning of each term.
我倾向于在每学期开始时，为每门课程都设定一个目标。
【拓展】
(1)tend (to) sb. 照顾某人
(2)tendency n. 倾向，趋势；偏好
have a tendency to do sth. 有做某事的倾向
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)People tend to think(think) that the problem will never affect them.
(2)There is an increasing tendency(tend) for women to have children later in life.
(3)The doctors in this hospital are tending to the wounded.
【答案】(1) to think (2) tendency (3) to
【教考衔接】
①(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)While I tend to buy a lot of books，these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I attach to them.
虽然我倾向于买很多书，但这三本书是作为礼物送给我的，这可能会让我赋予它们特殊的意义。
②(四川卷)Some think that a woman's body cells have a tendency to age more slowly than a man's.
有些人认为，女性的身体细胞比男性的衰老速度慢。
考点9.aim n．目的，意图；瞄准 vi.力求达到；目的是；瞄准；针对
[教材原句] My aim is to do well in every subject this term.
这个学期，我的目标是把每门课程都学好。
【拓展】
(1)with the aim of 目的是，怀着……的目的
(2)aim to do sth. 力争做某事
aim at doing sth. 旨在做某事
be aimed at 目的是，旨在
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)I don't know at whom the Minister's remarks were aimed，but he ought not to say such things.
(2)This activity aims/is aimed(aim) at improving the students' ability of listening and speaking.
她去伦敦是为了找工作。
(3)She went to London, aiming at finding a job．(aim at)
(4)She went to London with the aim of finding a job．(aim n．)
【答案】(1) at (2) aims/is aimed (3) aiming at finding a job (4) with the aim of finding a job
【教考衔接】
(2019·北京卷)Earth Day, marked on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
考点10.get ahead 取得进步，获得成功
[教材原句]Set a goal and get ahead!设定目标，获得成功！
【拓展】
go ahead 前进；着手；进行；去做吧；开始吧
ahead of time 提前
ahead of one's time 超越某人那个时代
【练练不忘】
完成句子
(1)——我可以打开窗户让新鲜空气进来吗？
——当然，打开吧。这里真的很热。
—Shall I open the window to let in some fresh air?
—Sure，go ahead. It's really hot here.
(2)你可以放心，这项工作将提前完成。
You may rely on it that the work will be finished ahead of time．
【答案】(1) go ahead (2) will be finished ahead of time
考点11.suffer vi.& vt.遭受(痛苦)
[教材原句] kinds of people suffering from stress 各种承受压力的人
【拓展】
(1)suffer from (身体或精神上)遭受……(痛苦)；
患……病
(2)suffering n. 受苦，遭难；苦楚，苦难
sufferer n. 受害者；患者
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/句型转换
(1)I have not understood enough of your difficulties and sufferings(suffer)．
(2)Drought continues to annoy many parts of China，with tens of thousands suffering(suffer) water shortages and millions of others affected.
(3)To our delight, the sufferer(suffer) has decided to give up smoking.
(4)Zhong Nanshan is helping those who suffer from novel coronavirus.
→Zhong Nanshan is helping those suffering from novel coronavirus．(分词作定语)
【答案】(1) sufferings (2) suffering (3) sufferer (4) suffering from novel coronavirus
【教考衔接】
①(2020·江苏卷)Later, he worked in Africa, where many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment.
后来，他在非洲工作，那里的许多人因为缺乏适当的治疗而失明。
②(2019·江苏卷)Walking upright results in physical sufferings.
直立行走会引起身体上的痛苦。
③(2019·江苏卷)The 65yearold Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer's (阿尔兹海默症). He was losing his memory.
[温馨提示](1)suffer和suffer from一般不用于被动语态；
(2)suffer作及物动词，意思同experience(体验；经历)，其后可跟pain、defeat、hardship等词作宾语；suffer from中from表示原因，意为“因……而受苦”。
考点12.due to 因为；由于
[教材原句] But more often than not，it's due to pressure from work or study.
但是这往往是由于工作或学习的压力。
【拓展】
be due to do sth. 预期/预定要做某事
be due for sth. 期望得到某物
be due to sb. 应支付/归于某人
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The meeting isn't due to start(start) until three.
(2)The wages due to him will be paid tomorrow.
(3)I hope that I'm due for a pay rise soon.
(4)这个乐队的第一张唱片预期在本月下旬发行。
The band's first album is due to come out later this month.
【答案】(1) to start (2) to (3) for (4) is due to come out
【教考衔接】
①(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)The study showed that people who put in 300 minutes a week of exercise had a 20 percent lower risk of death due to heart disease.
研究表明，每周运动300分钟的人死于心脏病的风险要低20%。
②(2020·浙江卷7月)The honour is mainly due to you. But for your help and professional instruction，we couldn't have done so brilliantly.
这项荣誉主要归功于你。要是没有你的帮助和专业指导，我们不可能做得这么出色。
[温馨提示]表示“由于、因为”的短语还有：because of、thanks to、as a result of。
考点13.typical adj.平常的，一贯的；典型的
[教材原句] This is a typical day for Zhang Tian. 这是张天平常的一天。
【拓展】
(1)be typical of... 典型的；……有代表性的
It's typical of sb. to do sth. 某人一向如此做某事。
(2)typically adv. 典型地
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/句型转换
(1)This painting is fairly typical of his early works.
(2)Women in developing countries typically(typical) have their first child when they are very young.
(3)Typically, he always plays jokes on others.
→It is typical of him to play jokes on others.(it作形式主语)
【答案】(1) of (2) typically (3) It is typical of him to play jokes on others.
【教考衔接】
(2020·江苏卷)The 10 people were chosen for the experiment because their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
之所以选择这10个人做实验，是因为他们的生活方式是普通人的典型。
考点14.graduate vi.毕业 n．毕业生
[教材原句] Zhang Tian graduated from university and got a teacher's certificate last year.
去年，张天大学毕业并获得了教师资格证。
【拓展】
(1)graduate from... 从……(学校)毕业
graduate in... 毕业于……(专业)
(2)graduation n. 毕业
upon/on graduation/graduating 一毕业就……
after graduation from 从……毕业后
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)He graduated in physics from Cambridge University.
(2)I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of Tsinghua University.
(3)On/After graduation from college, she got a good job.
【答案】(1) in; from (2) a (3) On/After
【教考衔接】
(北京卷)Several days later，when the video was played on the graduation ceremony, it was well received.
几天后，在毕业典礼上播放这段视频时，它得到了很好的反响。
考点15.inspire vt.鼓励，激励
[教材原句] He had met wonderful teachers from small villages during his early school years and he was inspired by them to go and teach where he was needed the most.
在学校初期，他遇见了一些来自小村庄的优秀教师，他被他们所鼓舞，到最需要他的地方去教学。
【拓展】
(1)inspire sb. to do... 激励某人做……
inspire sb. with sth./inspire sth. in sb.
用……激励某人；激起某人的……
(2)inspiration n. 启示；灵感；鼓舞人心
的人(或事物)
inspiring adj. 鼓舞人的；吸引人的
inspired adj. 卓越的；激动人心的
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/同义转换
(1)Inspired(inspire) by the snake's defense, he created a set of 72 movements, which used softness and power from inside to defeat force.
(2)Our first sight of the dingy little hotel didn't inspire us with much confidence.
→Our first sight of the dingy little hotel didn't inspire much confidence in us．
【答案】(1) Inspired (2) inspire much confidence in us
【教考衔接】
(1)(2018·天津卷)The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
(2)(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Jennifer is a firstgeneration graduate and an inspiration to her family.
考点16.apply vi.申请；请求；对……适用vt.应用；涂抹，敷；使专注于
[教材原句] For that reason he applied for and became a volunteer teacher in a village school.
因此，他申请并成为一名乡村学校的支教老师。
【拓展】
(1)apply (to sb.) for sth. (向某人)申请某物
apply to 适用于
apply sth. to sth. 把某物应用/涂抹于……
apply oneself to 致力于/集中精力于……
(2)application n. 申请(书)；应用
applicant n. 申请人
【练练不忘】
写出下列句中apply的含义/完成句子
(1)This new rule applies to freshmen only.对……适用
(2)You should apply theory to practice.应用
(3)Apply the cream over the skin.涂抹
(4)Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the technique.使专注于
(5)After graduation，I planned to apply for a job in the local company.申请
(6)不顾伙伴的反对，他仍决定申请经理这个岗位。
Regardless of his partner's objection, he still determined to apply for the position of manager．
(7)所有这些申请者都认真填写了表格。
All these applicants filled in the form carefully.
【答案】(1) 对……适用 (2) 应用 （3）涂抹 （4）使专注于 （5）申请
- apply for the position of manager (7) All these applicants
考点17.sort n．种，类；类型 v．整理
[教材原句] He imagined all sorts of exciting things about living independently and teaching in a village.他想象着独立生活和在乡村教书的种种令人兴奋的事情。
【拓展】
(1)all sorts of 各种各样的
of all sorts 各种各样的
sort of 有几分，有点
(2)sort out 分类；整理；(从……中)挑选出
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/完成句子
(1)He spent an hour in sorting out the emails he had received.
(2)第一次和一些高级官员共进晚餐时，他感到有点紧张。
The first time he had dinner with some high officials，he felt sort of nervous．
【答案】(1) out (2) sort of nervous
【教考衔接】
①(2020·江苏卷)The author's initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles was to sort out what we have known. 作者收集报纸文章的最初目的是把我们已经知道的事情整理出来。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ) After supper, we would play card games of all sorts in the sitting room.
考点18.responsible adj.负责的；有责任心的
[教材原句] The other two local teachers were responsible for maths and Chinese.
另外两位当地老师负责教授数学和语文。
【拓展】
(1)be responsible for 对……负责；是……的原因
(2)responsibly adv. 负责地；有责任心地
(3)responsibility n. 责任；职责；义务
take responsibility for 对……有责任；
对……负责
a sense of responsibility 责任感
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/一句多译
(1)It's important to teach your teen how to behave responsibly(responsible)．
(2)I have a strong sense of responsibility(responsible), and I can do well with human relations.
你认为谁会为这次事故负责任？
(3)Who do you think will take responsibility for this accident？(responsibility n．)
(4)Who do you think will be responsible for this accident? (responsible adj.)
【答案】(1) responsibly (2) responsibility (3) take responsibility for
考点19.find＋宾语＋宾补
[教材原句] You'll often find me sitting in front of my laptop.
你会经常发现我坐在我的笔记本电脑前。
【拓展】
句中的find me sitting...是“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构，现在分词作宾补，表示主动和动作正在进行。
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构的常见类型：
(1)find＋宾语＋名词/介词(短语)/副词/形容词；
(2)find＋宾语＋to be...；
(3)find＋宾语＋doing(表示主动和动作正在进行)；
(4)find＋宾语＋done(表示被动和完成)
【练练不忘】
(1)Later，we found the young man to be(be) dishonest.
(2)A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking(smoke) in the kitchen.
(3)In the morning people woke up and found the world outside their houses completely changed(change)．
【答案】(1) to be (2) smoking (3) changed
考点20.so that引导目的状语从句
[教材原句] I am always attentive in all classes and think actively，so that I can have more free time to do other things that I'm interested in after school.
我在所有课上总是专心(听讲)并积极思考，这样放学后我就有更多可支配的时间做其他我感兴趣的事情。
【拓展】
句中的so that 引导目的状语从句，意为“以便、为了”。
(1)so that既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句。引导目的状语从句时，从句可与may、might、can、could等情态动词连用，可与in order that互换；引导结果状语从句时，意为“以至于、结果”，主句和从句之间常用逗号分开。
(2)in order to do sth.＝so as to do sth.为了做某事
(3)so/such...that...引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/句型转换
(1)Cut down the article so as to make(make) it fit the space available on the paper.
(2)I was so busy that I had no time to write a letter.
(3)My mother got home early in order to prepare dinner for us.
→My mother got home early so as to prepare dinner for us．
→My mother got home early so that she could prepare dinner for us．
【答案】(1) to make (2) that (3) so as to prepare dinner for us; so that she could prepare dinner for us
考点21.“It is believed that...”意为“人们相信……”
[教材原句] It is believed that the custom began thousands of years ago...
人们相信这一习俗始于几千年前……
【拓展】
It is said that... 据说……
It is thought that... 大家认为……
It is hoped that... 人们希望……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is wellknown that... 众所周知……
It is supposed that... 据推测……
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/句型转换
(1)It is wellknown that learning English well will be of great benefit to us all.
(2)He is thought to be working in that big company.
→It is thought that he is working in that big company.
(3)It is said that he has written a new book about workers.
→He is said to have written a new book about workers.
(4)It is thought that he often helps the people in need.
→He is often thought to help the people in need.
【答案】(1) It (2) It is thought that (3) is said to have written (4) is often thought to help
【教考衔接】
①(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents，compared with 16% in 1991.
据说25－34岁的人中约有20%与父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。
②(2020·江苏卷)It is reported that the film is well received outside China.
据报道，这部电影在国外很受欢迎。
[温馨提示]“It is＋believed/said/thought...＋that...”通常可以与“sb.be＋believed/said/thought＋to do...”相互转换，不定式可用一般式、进行式或完成式。
一．语法精讲——动词不定式
思维导图
观察句子
1．(教材P8)It's so convenient to be able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops before I buy.
2．(教材P8)My mum keeps telling me to go out with my school friends instead.
3．(教材P8)Actually，I do know I need to drag myself away from the online world sometimes...
4．(教材P9)I like to set goals for myself.
5．(教材P9)I'm a “gogetter”—when I set out to do something，I do my best to achieve it.
6．(教材P9)I tend to set a goal for every subject at the beginning of each term.
7．(教材P9)My aim is to do well in every subject this term.
8．(教材P9)Biology is my favourite subject，and my target is to prepare myself for my degree in biology at university.
9．(教材P9)．..so that I can have more free time to do other things that I'm interested in after school.
10．(教材P9)It always makes me excited to work hard and achieve a team goal together.
11．(教材P9)To achieve all I want, I must use my time well.
12．(教材P9)After school, I try to use any possible time to revise the things I have learnt during the day.
13．(教材P9)For example, it usually takes me 20 minutes to get home by bus.
我的领悟
1．例句1、10、13中的动词不定式在句中作主语。
2．例句3、4、6、12中的动词不定式在句中作宾语。
3．例句7、8的动词不定式在句中作表语。
4．例句9中的动词不定式在句中作定语。
5．例句2中的动词不定式在句中作宾补。
6．例句5、11中的动词不定式在句中作状语。
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能作谓语。
一、动词不定式的结构
1．基本结构：to＋动词原形，有时不定式符号to可以省略。
2．否定形式：not to＋动词原形。
3．不定式有形式和语态变化，通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例)：
形式
| 主动
| 被动
| 一般式
| to do
| to be done
| 完成式
| to have done
| to have been done
| 进行式
| to be doing
| | 完成进行式
| to have been doing
| |
[对点练习1]——单句语法填空
(1)(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The vocabulary and grammar of the plot need to be adjusted(adjust), and we also need your guidance on our performance.
(2)Where can we get some sickles (镰刀) to cut(cut) the rice with?
(3)The doctor claimed to have discovered(discover) a cure for the disease.
(4)I hate to be lying(lie) in bed like this while other students are having class.
答案：(1) to be adjusted (2) to cut (3) to have discovered (4) to be lying
二、动词不定式的用法
1．作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)不定式置于句首。
◆To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
这样做是削足适履。
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，特别是不定式短语较长时，这样可以避免句子的“头重脚轻”。
◆It is important to master the knowledge of computer.
掌握电脑知识很重要。
(1)若要说明不定式表示的动作的发出者的话，要在不定式前加for引起的短语，构成“for＋名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”短语，这一短语被称为不定式的复合结构。
◆It's easy for him to work out this math problem.
对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。
(2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋不定式复合结构”句型中，当其中的形容词是说明逻辑主语的性质、品质时，要由of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这类形容词主要有clever、careless、foolish、kind、nice、polite、silly、stupid、wise等。
◆It was careless of him to make such a mistake.
＝He was careless to make such a mistake.
犯了这样的错误，他太粗心了。
[对点练习2]——句型转换/完成句子
(1)To speak a foreign language well is difficult.
→It is difficult to speak a foreign language well.
(2)记住足够多的单词是必要的。
It is necessary to remember enough words．
答案：(1) It is difficult to speak a foreign language well.
2．作表语
不定式在系动词后作表语，往往说明主语的具体内容，且含有将来意义。
◆My dream is to become a dancer.
我的梦想是成为一名舞蹈家。
[对点练习3]——完成句子
(1)最重要的是公平对待每个人。
The most important thing is to be fair to everyone．
(2)(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)我从小就有很多梦想。现在我的梦想是开一家咖啡馆。
I've had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to open a cafe．
答案：(1) to be fair to everyone (2) to open a cafe
3．作宾语
(1)直接作及物动词的宾语，常见接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree(同意)、aim(旨在)、choose(选择)、decide(决定)、demand(要求)、expect(期待)、fail(未履行)、help(帮助)、hope(希望)、learn(学会)、plan(计划)、prepare(准备)、refuse(拒绝)、tend(往往会)、want(想要)、wish(希望)等。
◆I hope to have a new type of cellphone.
我希望有一部新款手机。
◆My father finally agreed to help us.
最终，我的父亲同意帮我们。
(2)用于“疑问词＋不定式”结构，不定式前可带what、who、which、where、when、how、whether等疑问词。
◆(2019·江苏卷)Li Jiang and Su Hua are discussing what to wear when receiving the British students next month.
李江和苏华正在讨论下个月接待英国学生时穿什么。
◆Please tell us how to deal with the haze.
请告诉我们如何应对雾霾。
(3)常用于句型“主语＋v.＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.”，其中，it为形式宾语，to do sth.为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有：believe、consider、feel、find、make、suppose、think等。
◆I think it very necessary to protect the animals.
我认为保护动物非常有必要。
[对点练习4]——单句语法填空
(1)I think it very useful to learn a foreign language.
(2)He has promised to help (help) me with my English.
(3)The driver failed to see (see) the other car in time.
(4)(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)I like eating fried tomatoes with eggs，and I thought it must be easy to cook. My mom told me how to prepare (prepare) it.
答案：(1) it (2) to help (3) to see (4) to prepare
4．作定语
(1)动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。
◆I want to get something to read during the vacation.
我想找一些在假期里读的东西。
(2)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。
◆He is a pleasant person to work with.
和他一起工作很愉快。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时，常用不定式作定语。
◆He was the last one to arrive here.
他是最后一个到达这里的人。
◆He is the only person to know the truth.
他是唯一了解真相的人。
[对点练习5]——单句语法填空
(1)Sir, do you have some clothes to be washed (wash)?
(2)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The plum trees are the first to flower (flower) even as the snow is melting (融化)．
(3)Give me a piece of paper to write on．
(4)(2020·浙江卷7月)Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology to change (change) lives.
答案：(1) to be washed (2) to flower (3) on (4) to change
5．作状语
(1)表示目的。
◆(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e4 to find and study areas of the South PoleAitken basin.
中国研究人员希望利用嫦娥四号探测器上的仪器，寻找和研究南极艾特肯盆地地区。
◆(2020·天津卷7月)To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议我们通读笔记。
作目的状语的不定式之前常加上in order或so as，但so as不能位于句首。
◆She asked me to drive her to the airport in order/so as to catch the 5：00 plane.
为了赶上5点的飞机，她让我开车把她送到机场。
(2)表示结果。
动词不定式作结果状语时常用如下结构：
①enough＋名词＋to do 足够……
②名词/形容词/副词＋enough＋to do
足够……
③too＋形容词/副词＋to do 太……以至于不能……
◆The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.
加利福尼亚号来得太晚了，以至于没能挽救更多的人。
不定式短语作结果状语时，常与only连用，暗示一种意外的结果。
◆I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed.
我急忙赶到邮局，结果发现关门了。
(3)表示原因。
①不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等形容词后。
◆I have enjoyed my visit to China.I'll be very sorry to leave.
我非常享受这次中国之旅，但遗憾的是我要离开了。
②用于“be＋形容词(表示性质)＋不定式”结构中，常见的形容词有：easy、hard、difficult、interesting、good、comfortable、safe、dangerous、impossible等。此句型中to do不定式用主动形式表被动意义。
◆The box is not easy to carry.
这个箱子不易携带。
[对点练习6]——完成句子
(1)他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。
He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left．
(2)为了减少空气污染，我们应该乘坐公共交通工具，而不是私家车。
To reduce air pollution, we should take the public transports rather than the private cars.
(3)听说你奶奶生病了，我很难过。
I'm sorry to hear your grandma is ill．
(4)凯特是一个容易相处的女孩，我们都喜欢她。
Kate is a girl who is easy to get along with and we all like her.
答案：(1) to find the train had left (2) To reduce air pollution
- to hear your grandma is ill (4) easy to get along with
6．作宾语补足语
(1)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾补：ask、advise、allow、cause、encourage、expect、invite、notice、order、teach、tell、warn等。
◆She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.
她要我在她不在的时候接电话。
◆Who taught you to play the music?
谁教你弹这首曲子的？
(2)当动词不定式在使役动词 let、have、make后和感官动词(短语)see、watch、look at、notice、hear、listen to、feel等后作宾补时，常省略to。get除外(get sb.to do sth.)。
◆The teacher had us recite the text every day.
老师让我们每天背诵课文。
◆The boss made his men work all the night.
老板让他的工人整夜工作。
上述动词变为被动语态时不定式符号to不能省略。
◆Someone saw the children run down the street.
→The children were seen to run down the street.
有人看到孩子们沿着这条街跑了。
[对点练习7]——单句语法填空
(1)My friend invited me to see(see) the new film yesterday.
(2)The boy was made to study(study) all day.
(3)His parents don't allow him to go(go) out at night.
答案：(1) to see (2) to study (3) to go
二．写作精讲——私人电子邮件
文体感知
本单元的写作任务是写一封私人电子邮件。
英文电子邮件的基本要素是主题、称谓、正文、结尾用语及署名。
1．电子邮件最重要的部分是主题，主题应当做到言简意赅，并突出邮件的重要性。
2．私人电子邮件不用那么正式，可以用“Hello/Hi”问候对方。
3．在书写正文时，把最重要的事情写在正文最前面。邮件段落最好控制在两三段之内。如果一封电子邮件涉及多个信息点，可以采用分条目的方法，如符号、小标题、编号来使得邮件想要表达的内容层次清晰。
4．结尾用语在正文之后添加。注意一般结尾用语中只有第一个单词首字母大写而剩余单词都小写，此处与称呼不同。常用结尾用语：
Regards、Best wishes、Best regards、With best wishes、With best regards...
5．在正文最后需要署名，可以写全名，也可以只写名字。
1．开头——写信目的
2．主体——具体问题1
具体问题2
3．结尾——表达自己的想法
1．开头语
(1)Hi, there！ 你好！ (常用于较亲近的人)
(2)How are you doing？ 近况如何？
(3)How are things going on？ 事情进展如何？
(4)How are you getting on with your health/work/study? 近来身体/工作/学习如何？
(5)As I have not heard from you for long, I feel anxious.很久没有你的音讯了，我甚是担忧。
(6)I must apologize for not having written to you earlier. 迟迟没有给你写信，我深表歉意。
(7)Please pardon my not replying to your letter earlier.没能及时回信，还请见谅。
(8)I feel very sorry for not being able to reply to your letter. 没能及时回信我深感抱歉。
2．引入话题
(1)I'm writing to invite you to the art exhibition/evening party on Sunday.
我写此信是要邀请你参加周日的艺术展/晚会。
(2)I'm writing to inform you that the basketball match is delayed until next week.
我写此信是要告诉你，篮球赛被推迟到下周了。
(3)I'm writing to tell you something about my recent life/study/work/health.
我写信想要告诉你我最近的生活/学习/工作/身体状况。
(4)I'm writing to introduce my friend David to you.
我写信意在向你介绍我的朋友戴维。
3．描述重要信息
(1)The exhibition starts at 7：00 until 18：00 on Sunday.
展览从星期日7点开始，一直持续到18点。
(2)Here is my advice on how to...
这是我对如何……的建议。
(3)Here, I'd like to offer you some advice/tips on how to...
在这里， 我想就如何……给你一些建议。
4．结束语
(1)I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
我盼望早日收到你的来信。
(2)Please give my regards to your family.
请代我向你的家人问好。
(3)Hope you will have a pleasant trip. 祝你旅途愉快。
(4)Wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。
(5)I wish you a Happy New Year. 祝你新年快乐。
(6)Best wishes！祝好！
满分作文特训
写作要求
假定你是李华，刚上高中两个多星期，请你按照以下内容写一封80词左右的电子邮件给你的英国笔友汤姆(Tom)，简单介绍你的学校、老师和自己的情况：
1．我的新学校是一所历史悠久的名校，有50个班，2 500多名学生；
2．老师的教学方法与初中截然不同，上课方式很有趣；
3．课程比初中更有挑战性，但有信心学好；
4．与同学相处融洽，积极参加各种课外活动。
审题谋篇
第一步：审题构思很关键
第二步：核心词汇想周全
1．three times the size of 面积是……的三倍
2．have a long history 历史悠久
3．be different from 不同于……
4．more challenging 更有挑战性
5．in addition 此外；而且
6．get on/along well with 和……相处得好
7．take an active part in 积极参加
8．after-school activities 课外活动
9．hear from sb. 收到某人的信
第三步：由词扩句雏形现
1．我的新学校是一所历史悠久的名校。
My new school is famous and has a long history．
2．它的面积是我们初中学校的三倍。
It is three times the size of our junior secondary school.
3．我们学校有50个班，2 500多名学生。
There are 50 classes and over 2，500 students in my school.
4．我们老师的教学方法很有趣，与以前的截然不同。
Our teachers' teaching methods are interesting and different from those of our previous teachers.
5．我们学习的课程更有挑战性。
The subjects we are learning are more challenging．
6．我相信能把这些课程学好。
I am confident that I can learn them well.
7．我与同学相处融洽，积极参加各种课外活动。
I'm getting along very well with my classmates and I take an active part in all kinds of afterschool activities.
第四步：句式升级造亮点
1．用非限制性定语从句连接第三步中的句1和句2
My new school, which is three times the size of our junior secondary school, is famous and has a long history.
2．用让步状语从句连接第三步中的句5和句6
Although the subjects we are learning are more challenging, I'm confident that I can learn them well.
第五步：过渡衔接连成篇
One possible version：
Dear Tom，
I'm writing to tell you something about my new school.
My new school，which is three times the size of our junior secondary school, is famous and has a long history. Besides, there are 50 classes and over 2，500 students in my school. Our teachers' teaching methods are interesting and different from those of our previous teachers. Although the subjects we are learning are more challenging, I'm confident that I can learn them well. In addition, I'm getting along very well with my classmates and I take an active part in all kinds of afterschool activities.
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours truly，
Li Hua
stressful adj.充满压力的，紧张的
| 【联想】 stress n．压力；强调；紧张；重要性；重音 vt. 强调；使紧张；加压于；用重音读
【搭配】under the stress of 在……的压力下
| challenging adj.富有挑战性的
| 【联想】challenged adj. 受到挑战的；残疾的
【搭配】challenge sb. to (do) sth. 向某人挑战(做)某事/
| differ v．不同，不一样，有区别
| 【联想】difference n. 不同之处
different adj. 不同的
【搭配】differ from...in... 在……方面不同于……
| schedule n．日程表，计划表
vt.为……安排时间；列入
| 【搭配】on schedule 按时；按时间表
be scheduled to do... 预定/计划做……
| voluntary adj.志愿的；服务的；自愿的
| 【联想】volunteer n. 志愿者v. 自愿(做)
【搭配】volunteer for... 自愿参加……
volunteer to do... 自愿做……
| range n．一系列；范围
vi.(在一定范围内)变化；包括，涉及；排列
| 【搭配】 a range of 一系列的，各种各样的
range from ...to... 从……到……
| addict n．对……着迷的人
| 【联想】addicted adj. 上瘾的，入迷的
addiction n. 瘾；入迷 addictive adj. 使人上瘾的；使人入迷的
【搭配】 be/become/get addicted to (doing) sth.
对(做)某事上瘾
| aim n．目的，意图；瞄准
vi.力求达到；目的是；瞄准；针对
| 【搭配】with the aim of 目的是，怀着……的目的
aim to do sth. 力争做某事
aim at doing sth. 旨在做某事
be aimed at 目的是，旨在
| suffer vi.& vt.遭受(痛苦)
| 【联想】suffering n. 苦，遭难；苦楚，苦难
sufferer n. 受害者；患者
【搭配】suffer from (身体或精神上)遭受……(痛苦)；
患……病
| typical adj.平常的，一贯的；典型的
| 【联想】typically adv. 典型地
【搭配】be typical of... 典型的；……有代表性的
It's typical of sb. to do sth. 某人一向如此做某事。
| graduate vi.毕业 n．毕业生
| 【搭配】graduate from... 从……(学校)毕业
graduate in... 毕业于……(专业)
【联想】graduation n. 毕业
| inspire vt.鼓励，激励
| 【搭配】inspire sb. to do... 激励某人做……
【联想】)inspiration n. 启示；灵感；鼓舞人心的人(或事物)
inspiring adj. 鼓舞人的；吸引人的
inspired adj. 卓越的；激动人心的
| apply vi.申请；请求；对……适用
vt.应用；涂抹，敷；使专注于
| 【搭配】apply (to sb.) for sth. (向某人)申请某物
apply to 适用于
【联想】application n. 申请(书)；应用
applicant n. 申请人
| sort n．种，类；类型 v．整理
| 【搭配】)all sorts of 各种各样的
sort of 有几分，有点
sort out 分类；整理；(从……中)挑选出
| responsible adj.负责的；有责任心的
| 【联想】responsibly adv. 负责地；有责任心地
responsibility n. 责任；职责；义务
【搭配】be responsible for 对……负责；是……的原因
take responsibility for 对……有责任；
| contact n．联系，联络
vt.(写信，打电话)联系(某人)
| 【搭配】in contact with 和……保持联系
out of contact with 与……失去联系
come into contact with 与……接触
| contribution n．贡献
| 【搭配】make contributions/a contribution to...
为……做贡献
【联想】contribute vt.& vi. 捐献，捐助；促成，造成
| intend vt.计划，打算，想要
| 【搭配】intend to do/doing sth. 打算做某事
intend sb.to do sth. 打算让某人做某事
be intended for/to do sth. 旨在，预定……用途；
为……打算(或设计)的
【联想】intention n. 目的；意图；打算
| adapt vi.(使)适应；改编
| 【联想】adaptation n. 改编本；适应
【搭配】adapt (...) to... (使……)适应于……
adapt (...) from... 根据……改编(……)
adapt...for... 把……改编成……
| entertainment n．娱乐
| 【联想】entertain v. 招待，款待；使有兴趣；使快乐
entertaining adj. 令人愉快的
【搭配】to one's entertainment 使某人快乐的是
entertain sb. with... 用……使某人快乐
entertain sb. to... 宴客；招待某人
|
1.Living without a goal is like sailing without a compass.
没有目标的生活就如同没有指南针的航行。
2.Something is learned every time a book is opened. 开卷有益。
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