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Unit 2 Sports And Fitness
Unit1
| 话题
| 运动与健康
| | 词汇
| athlete,frequency,prefer,cycle, balanced, diet, stair,regularly,within,defeat,company,champion, inspiration,replacement,desire,crash,gather,pack,sharply,extra,energy,crowd,earn,belt,announcement,defence.audience,remind,bite,prohibit,case,annual,application,quit,tip,occupy,disappointment,amazingly,relieve,strengthen,system, weekly, particular, benefit, membership.equipment, prevent,disease,flow,relief,ache,detail,principle,amount,achievable,satisfaction,sight,amazed,medal, response, defend, flexibility
| | 短语
| rather than,in good/bad shape, crash into, gather around,not...any more, let sb, down, pay off, keep up with, in case,sign up, ought to, cheer up, be fed up with, in particular, be capable of, make sure, take advantage of sth.
| | 句型
| - 1.“be about to do...”意为“即将或正要做……”
3.suggest后接虚拟语气
4.“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级含义
5.with复合结构
| | 语法
| 定语从句(Ⅰ)
| | 写作
| 叙事类记叙文
|
考点1.prefer vt.更喜欢
(经典例句)I prefer to ... rather than...
我宁愿……而不愿……
【拓展】
(1)prefer to do/doing... 更喜欢做……
prefer sb. to do... 更喜欢让某人做……
prefer (doing) sth. to (doing) sth
宁愿(做)某事而不愿(做)某事
prefer to do...rather than do...
宁可做……也不愿做……
(2)preference n. 偏爱；优先权；偏爱的事物
have/show a preference for... 偏爱……
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)Rather than ______ (talk) with his mother, he prefers _______ (be) always on the phone, sleep, stay in his room or go out with his friends.
(2)(2018·江苏卷)Unlike fast－food places, fine dining shops prefer customers __________ (stay) longer and spend.
(3)A teacher should not show a preference _______ any one of his pupils.
【答案】(1) talk; to be (2) to stay (3) for
考点2.rather than 而不是
【拓展】
【练练不忘】
(1)(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than ___________ (focus) on Chinese traditions.
(2)You rather than I _____ (be) responsible for the accident.
(3)Rather than ________ (write) letters, many people prefer ________________(telephone) now.
(4)She preferred ________________ rather than _____________．
她宁愿和我们一起去，也不愿留下来。
【答案】(1) focusing (2) are (3) write; to telephone (4) to go with us; stay behind
[温馨提示]
(1)rather than用于连接两个并列成分，可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分词、不定式等。连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
(2)rather than后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to；如果位于句首，则接不带to的不定式。
考点3.in good/bad shape 健康状况良好/不佳
[教材原句]I think I am in pretty good shape.
我觉得我身体很好。
【拓展】
keep/be in shape 保持健康
out of shape 变形，走样
in the shape of 以……的形状/形式
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)We should not only be healthy, but also be ___ good shape.
(2)I like to do some walking every day to keep ____ shape.
(3)桌子上的一些盒子是水果形状的。
Some boxes on the table were ____________________．
(4)你一直坐在我的帽子上。现在帽子变形了！
You have been sitting on my cap. Now it is _______________ !
【答案】(1) in (2) in (3) in the shape of fruit (4) out of shape
【教考衔接】
(2020·天津卷7月)For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake in the shape of a monkey.
为了给我过五周岁生日，妈妈为我烤了一个猴子形状的蛋糕。
考点4.balanced adj.均衡的
[教材原句]I think I have a healthy and balanced diet.
我认为我有一个健康而且均衡的饮食。
【拓展】
(1)a balanced diet 均衡的饮食
(2)balance n. 平衡；天平；余额
vt. 平衡；权衡；使相等
keep/lose one's balance 保持/失去平衡
on balance 总的来说
balance...against 权衡，比较
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)Before making the final decision, you'd better balance the advantages against the disadvantages.
(2)The best approach to reducing stress is to have a(n) balanced(balance) life.
(3)这个男孩失去平衡，重重地摔了一跤。
The boy lost his balance, which made him have a bad fall.
【教考衔接】
(江苏卷)总的来说，富国从强大的尼诺现象中得到的比他们失去的更多。
Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños, on balance, than they lose.
考点5.try out for sth. 参加……的选拔；争取成为
[教材原句](教材P30)Paul had to try out many times just for making the team.
保罗多次参加选拔，方才入选球队。
【拓展】
try out 试验；测试；试用
try for sth. 试图获得；争取
try on 试穿(衣物)
try doing sth. 试着做某事
try to do sth. 尽力做某事
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)He thought of trying for a position in a research institute.
(2)It is very pleasant to travel and to try out and explore whatever is new.
(3)我试图说服他放弃那个计划，但是没有用。
I tried to persuade him to give up the plan, but in vain.
(4)他赢得了州棒球锦标赛并参加了大学队的选拔赛。
He won a state championship in baseball and tried out for his college team.
考点6. replacement n．替换的人(物)
[教材原句](教材P30)He was still usually on the bench, being just a replacement, which was really tough on him.
然而，他仍旧通常“坐板凳”作为替补队员，这对他来说是真够倒霉的。
【拓展】
(1)replace v. 替换；代替；把……放回原处
replace...with/by... 用……替换……
(2)in place of 代替
take one's place 代替；就座
take the place of 代替
out of place 不在合适的位置
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)I'm going to replace my old car with/by a new one.
(2)As I wandered around, I was a little disappointed to see the old buildings had been replaced(replace) with new high－rise ones.
我们的班长将代替我们的班主任参加会议。(一句多译)
(3)Our monitor will take the place of our head teacher to attend the meeting. (place n．)
(4)Our monitor will attend the meeting in place of our head teacher. (place n．)
(5)Our monitor will replace our head teacher to attend the meeting. (replace v．)
考点7.desire n．& vt. 渴望
[教材原句] (教材P30)Everyone knew Paul had real skills, and was someone who worked really hard and had a strong desire to play for the team.
所有人都知道保罗技能出众，训练刻苦，极度渴望为球队效力。
【拓展】
(1)have a desire to do sth./for sth. 想要做某事/得到某物
meet/satisfy one's desire 满足某人的愿望
(2)desire to do sth. 渴望做某事
desire sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
desire that...(should) do... 渴望……做……
(3)desirable adj. 理想的；值得拥
有的；可取的
【经典练】
单句语法填空
(1)He desired to bring(bring) back the so－called new four inventions back to his home country.
(2)It is obvious that they have no desire for peace.
(3)It is no longer desirable(desire) for adult children to live with their parents.
【教考衔接】
(2019·天津卷)Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning.
阅读满足了我继续学习的愿望。
[温馨提示]
desire不用于进行时态，后接宾语从句或同位语从句，从句中谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。
考点8.pay off 取得成功；奏效；有回报；还清；(付清工资后)解雇
[教材原句](教材P31)And clearly, all the extra hours that he'd spent practising alone paid off.
显然，他独自在额外的时间进行的训练奏效了。
【拓展】
pay back 偿还；报复；回报
pay for 花钱买；付出代价
pay a visit to 参观；拜访
pay attention to 注意；留心
【练练不忘】
写出下列句中pay off的含义
(1)It would take him the rest of his life to pay off that loan.还清
(2)Sandra was determined to become a doctor and her persistence paid off.取得成功
(3)Over 1，000 workers will be paid off if this factory closes.(付清工资后)解雇
完成句子
(4)他不得不做兼职工作以支付学费。
He had to work part－time so as to pay for his school fee．
(5)为答谢他的帮助，我昨天去拜访了他。
I paid a visit to him yesterday in return for his help.
[温馨提示]
pay off表示“成功、奏效、达到目的”时，是不及物动词短语，无被动语态，且一般用表示事物的名词作主语；表示“偿清”时，是及物动词短语，用人作主语，有被动语态。
考点9.crowd n．人群 v．拥挤，塞满；涌上心头
[教材原句](教材P31)He made shot after shot, and the crowd couldn't stop clapping and cheering.
他连续进球，观众们不停地为他鼓掌呐喊。
【拓展】
(1)a crowd of 一群
follow the crowd 随大流
crowd into one's mind 涌入脑海
(2)crowded adj. 拥挤的
be crowded with 挤满
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The crowd move/moves(move) on, and no one tries to stop them/it．
(2)Fortunately, they got on the crowded(crowd) train.
(3)The area is home to large crowds(crowd) of birds that come to stay for the season.
(4)The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down.
完成句子
(5)人们成群结队地涌上街头。
Crowds/A crowd of people poured into the street.
(6)在那个下雨的寒冷的晚上，往事一起涌上她的心头。
On that rainy and cold night, memories came crowding into her mind．
【教考衔接】
①(2020·天津卷7月)We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.
我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。
②(2019·浙江卷6月)Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources.
野火控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源。
[温馨提示]
(1)crowd表示“人群、观众”时，为集合名词，若用作主语，谓语动词用单复数均可。
(2)汉语可说“拥挤的交通”，但英语不用crowded traffic，而用busy/heavy traffic来表达。
考点10.announcement n．通告，公告
[教材原句](教材P34)Listen to an announcement and two conversations about sports.
听与运动有关的一则公告和两段对话。
【拓展】
(1)make an announcement 下通知；宣布
(2)announce v. 宣布；通告
announce sth. to sb.(＝announce to sb. sth.)
向某人宣布某事
It is announced that... 据称……；据宣布……
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)He said the lucky woman will be announced(announce) on the website and the trip will be shared online.
(2)She made her announcement(announce) after talks with the president.
一句多译
政府公布了创造1万个新工作岗位的计划。
(3)The government has announced plans to create 10，000 new jobs.(简单句)
(4)It has been announced that the government will plan to create 10，000 new jobs.(it作形式主语)
考点11.defence n．防守队员，后卫；保卫，防御；辩护
[教材原句](教材P35)Our defence was excellent!
我们的防守队员非常优秀！
【拓展】
(1)in defence of 保卫……；为……辩护
come to one's defence 来保护某人
(2)defend vt. 防御；保护，保卫；
辩解；辩白；(为……)辩护
defend oneself against sth.
为自己辩护
(3)defensive adj. 防御性的；自我保护的
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)He has employed one of the UK's top lawyers to defend(defend) him.
(2)Like their children, parents are often defensive(defend) about their private lives.
(3)They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.
同义替换
(4)He has hired a lawyer to defend himself against his action.
→He has hired a lawyer in defence of himself against his action.
【教考衔接】
(2020·天津卷7月)“Small does not mean weak, sir，” she defended herself.
“小并不意味着软弱，先生，”她为自己辩解道。
考点12.relieve vt.减轻，缓解
[教材原句](教材P36)to relieve tension 缓解紧张
【拓展】
(1)relieve sb.of... 将某人从……中解脱出来
(2)relief n. (痛苦或忧虑的)减轻或解除；
减轻痛苦的事物；宽慰
in relief 如释重负；显著地；鲜明地
to one's relief (＝to the relief of sb.)
令某人欣慰的是
It is a relief to do sth. 做某事很放心。
(3)relieved adj. 宽慰的；宽心的
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)It is a great relief to know you're safe.
(2)I'm relieved(relieve) to know that “cool” has a much broader definition than what I used to think.
(3)Hearing that he had passed the final exam, he sighed with relief.
句型转换
(4)I felt relieved that my son was eventually admitted to a key university.
→To my relief, my son was eventually admitted to a key university.
【教考衔接】
(2020·江苏卷)Quality counts less than attitude and effort—even stupid joke can relieve others of risk and embarrassment.
质量不如态度和努力重要，即使是愚蠢的笑话也能减轻别人的风险和尴尬。
考点13.be fed up with 厌烦的，不满的，无法再忍受的
[教材原句](教材P36)I'm a bit fed up with getting sick all the time.
我受够了老是生病。
【拓展】
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)She was bored with work and wanted to do something completely different.
(2)Tired of running, he spread himself on the ground.
句式升级
(3)(普通表达)He was fed up with that boring speech and left the lecture hall.
(高级表达)Fed up with that boring speech, he left the lecture hall.(分词作状语)
考点14.particular n．尤其，特别；细节 adj.特定的
[教材原句](教材P37)As people often say, any exercise is better than none, but long－distance running in particular has a lot of benefits.
正如人们常说的，运动总比不运动好，特别是长跑有很多益处。
【拓展】
(1)be particular about/over 对……挑剔/讲究
be particular to do sth. 特地做某事
(2)in particular (＝particularly) 特别，尤其
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The girl is very particular about/over her food.
(2)I noticed her eyes in particular, because they were very large.
同义替换
(3)It was a good concert. I enjoyed the last music particularly.
→It was a good concert. I enjoyed the last music in particular．
【教考衔接】
(2019·浙江卷6月)What's particularly interesting is the attitude various cities have toward Dubanchet's cause.
考点15.benefit n．好处，益处 v．(使)受益；得益于
[教材原句](教材P37)As people often say, any exercise is better than none, but long－distance running in particular has a lot of benefits.
正如人们常说的，运动总比不运动好，特别是长跑有很多益处。
【拓展】
(1)be of benefit to 有益于
for one's benefit (＝for the benefit of sb.) 为了某人的利益
(2)benefit from/by 从……中受益
(3)beneficial adj. 有益的
be beneficial to 有益于
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The students benefitting(benefit) most from college are those who are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources (资源).
(2)As we all know, books are the source of knowledge，from which we benefit a lot.
一句多译
新规定对所有学生都有好处。
(3)The new regulation will be of benefit to all the students.(benefit n．)
(4)The new regulation will be beneficial to all the students.(beneficial adj.)
(5)All the students will benefit from the new regulation．(benefit vi.)
(6)The new regulation will benefit all the students.(benefit vt.)
[温馨提示]
benefit作为及物动词，其宾语总是“受益者”，而不能是所受的“益处”。要表示“受益于某事(物)”，英语习惯上用benefit by/from sth.。
考点16.equipment n．设备，装备
[教材原句](教材P37)It is a great sport for beginners—you do not need a gym membership or any special equipment.
对于初学者来说，这是一项很棒的运动——你不需要成为健身房会员或任何特殊的设备。
【拓展】
(1)a piece of equipment 一件设备
(2)equip v. 配备；装备；使有所
准备；使有能力
equip...with... 用……装备……
equip sb. for sth./ to do sth. 使某人为(做)某事而准备；
使某人具备(做)某事的条件
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped(equip) with reflective vests and safety lights.
(2)It is often said that human beings are naturally equipped to speak(speak)．
(3)They spent a lot of money equipping the school with new computers.
句式升级
(4)(普通表达)They are equipped with new scientific farming methods, so they have been able to use less farmland than in the past.
(高级表达)Equipped with new scientific farming methods, they have been able to use less farmland than in the past.(分词作状语)
考点17.amount n．数量，数额 v．等于；合计；发展成为
[教材原句](教材P38)Do the right amount. 要适量。
【拓展】
(1)a small/large amount of＋不可数名词＋谓语动词单数
少量的/大量的
amounts of＋不可数名词＋谓语动词复数
大量的
in large amounts 大量地
(2)amount to 合计，共有；等于，相当于
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空/完成句子
(1)A large amount of money was spent(spend) on the bridge last year.
(2)Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding(forbid) to most citizens.
(3)But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined(decline)．
(4)This amounts to cheating(cheat) the teacher.
(5)他的月收入总计约为2 000美元。
His monthly earnings amount to about $2，000.
(6)这种电视机已大量售出。
This type of TV has been sold in large amounts.
考点18.satisfaction n．满足，满意；令人满意的事
[教材原句](教材P38)Nothing gives one more satisfaction than realising that all the sweat and hard work were worth it in the end.
没有什么能比最终意识到所有汗水和努力锻炼都是值得的更能给人满足感。
【拓展】
(1)in/with satisfaction 满意地
to one's satisfaction 使某人满意的是
(2)satisfy v. 使满意；满足(需求、需要等)
satisfy/meet one's needs/demands 满足某人的需要/要求
(3)satisfied adj. (感到)满意的
be satisfied to do.../with... 对(做)……感到满意
(4)satisfactory/satisfying adj. 令人满意的
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The story had a(n) satisfying(satisfy) ending.
(2)She finished her meal and gave a(n) satisfied(satisfy) smile.
(3)She looked at the finished painting with/in satisfaction.
一句多译
使我感到满意的是他通过了考试。
(4)To my satisfaction, he passed the exam.(satisfaction n．)
(5)What satisfied me was that he passed the exam.(satisfy v．)
(6)I was satisfied that he passed the exam.(satisfied adj.)
(7)That he passed the exam satisfied me．(satisfy v．)
考点19.sight n．视野
[教材原句](教材P40)Esteban had been cycling as hard as he could for hours and with the finishing line in sight all the cyclists began to speed up to cross it.
埃斯特班已经拼命骑行了好几个小时，看到终点线，所有的车手都开始加速通过终点线。
【拓展】
catch sight of 看见
lose sight of 看不见
in sight 看得见
out of sight 看不见；在视野之外
at first sight 初次见到；乍看上去
at the sight of 一看见……就……
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The crying baby smiled at the sight of its mother coming.
(2)Peace was in sight after five years of war.
完成句子
(3)他们一见钟情，三个月后，他们结婚了。
They fell in love at first sight,and three months later, they got married.
(4)司机突然看不见他所跟随的车了。
Suddenly the driver lost sight of the car he was following.
【教考衔接】
(2018·浙江卷6月)After a while Uncle Paul and his farm house were out of sight.
过了一会儿，保罗叔叔和他的农舍就消失在视野中了。
考点20.amazed adj.大为惊奇的，惊讶的
[教材原句](教材P40)The audience was amazed at his show of sportsmanship and cheered and clapped for the cyclists.
观众对他表现出的体育精神感到惊讶，为自行车运动员欢呼喝彩。
【拓展】
(1)be amazed at/by 对……感到惊讶
be amazed to do... 做……很惊讶
(2)amazement n. 吃惊，惊讶
in amazement 惊讶地
to one's amazement 使某人惊讶的是
(3)amazing adj. 令人惊讶的
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)Many visitors were amazed (amaze) by the complex architectural space and abundant building types.
(2)Little Tom sat amazed (amaze)，watching the monkey dancing in front of him.
(3)Taking pictures of polar bears is amazing (amaze) but also dangerous.
一句多译
使我惊奇的是，他凭着记忆把这首诗全部背诵了出来。
(4)To my amazement, he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.(amazement)
(5)It amazed me that he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.(it作形式主语)
(6)What amazed me was that he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.(what引导主语从句)
考点21.response n．回答，答复
[教材原句](教材P40)However, Navarro refused, and his response was: “Offering me the prize was worth more than what I did for him.”
然而，纳瓦罗拒绝了，他的回答是：“给我这个奖比我为他做的更有价值。”
【拓展】
(1)in response to 作为对……的回应
make a/no response to... 对……给予/不予回答
(2)respond vi. 回答；响应；做出反应
respond to 响应；对……做出反应；回答
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly，and around the clock.
(2)In response to their hospitality，we wrote a thankyou note.
句型转换
(3)Lang Ping didn't respond to the question that reporter asked.
→Lang Ping made no response to the question that reporter asked.
【教考衔接】
(2018·北京卷)Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.
不是每个人对事情的反应都一样，这就是一些事情可能会让一个人生气，也可能不会让另一个人生气的原因。
[温馨提示]respond主要用作不及物动词，若后接宾语应借助介词to；作及物动词时，后接that从句可引出直接引语。
考点22. take advantage of sth. 利用某物
[教材原句](教材P40)The two cyclists made amazing sporting gestures—Navarro for refusing to take advantage of Esteban's troubles，and Esteban for offering Navarro his medal.
两位自行车手表现出了高度的体育精神——纳瓦罗拒绝利用埃斯特班碰到的麻烦，埃斯特班把他的奖牌给了纳瓦罗。
【拓展】
(1)have/gain/win an advantage over比……占(获得)优势/处于有利地位；胜过；优于
at an advantage 处于优势
(be) to one's advantage 对某人有利
(2)disadvantage n. 不利条件；不便之处
【练练不忘】
单句语法填空
(1)Now we can see the present situation is to our advantage.
(2)My friend has an advantage over me in chemistry.
完成句子
(3)他们权衡利弊之后才做出决定。
They weighed the advantages and disadvantages before making the decision.
(4)这个事件使我们公司处于非常不利的地位。
This matter put our company at a serious disadvantage．
【教考衔接】
(江苏卷)Parents should actively urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.
家长应积极督促孩子利用这个机会参加运动队。
一．语法精讲——定语从句(Ⅰ)
思维导图
观察句子
1．(教材P30)When we weren't playing on the court which was next to our building, we were watching a game on TV.
2．(教材P30)Paul's favourite player was Tyrone Bogues，a guy who played for the Charlotte Hornets...
3．(教材P30)Everyone knew Paul had real skills, and was someone who worked really hard and had a strong desire to play for the team.
4．(教材P30)．..The Bears, a team whose record this season had been perfect.
5．(教材P30)Paul didn't know he'd soon get the chance that he'd been waiting for.
6．(教材P31)And clearly, all the extra hours that he'd spent practising alone paid off.
我的领悟
关系代词引导定语从句时，在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。which指物，可在从句中作主语或宾语，如在句1中作主语；who指人，可在从句中作主语或宾语，如在句2和句3中作主语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，如在句5和句6中作宾语；whose后接名词，在从句中作定语，如句4。
一、定语从句的基本概述
1．定语从句的定义：
在复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。限制性定语从句不能省略，否则句意就不完整。引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。
2．关系词的作用：①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当句子成分。
3．关系词的分类：①关系代词：who、whom、whose、which、that、as(本单元讲前五个的用法)；②关系副词： when、where、why。
二、关系代词的基本用法
关系代词用于替代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
1．who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。
◆Here comes the girl who wants to see you.
想见你的那个女孩过来了。(who在从句中作主语)
◆He is the man who I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见到的人。(who在从句中作宾语)
2．whom指人，在定语从句中只作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。若whom前有介词，则不能用who代替，也不可省略。
◆Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after. 罗丝是你应该照顾的人。
◆When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom I can go for help. 当我有困难时，他是我唯一可以求助的人。
3．whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。
◆They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那个人的车坏了，他们冲过去帮忙。
◆Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
4．which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时一般可省略。
◆China is a country which has a long history.
中国是一个历史悠久的国家。(which在从句中作主语)
◆The package (which) you are carrying is about to fall.
你拿的包快掉了。(which在从句中作宾语)
5．that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时一般可省略。指人时一般可用who替代，指物时一般可用which代替。
◆The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。(that/who在从句中作主语)
◆The chair (that/which) you broke yesterday is now being repaired. 你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修。(that/which在从句中作宾语)
[温馨提示]
关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所代替的名词或代词。
昨天你借我的那本书十分有趣。
[误] The book (that/which) you lent it to me yesterday is very interesting.
[正] The book (that/which) you lent to me yesterday is very interesting.
[对点练习1]——用适当的关系词填空
(1)(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.
(2)(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.
(3)(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals.
三、关系代词的选择
1．宜用that不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是all、much、anything、something、everything、nothing、little、none等不定代词时。
◆She told me everything that she knew.
她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。
(2)当先行词被all、no、few、any、little、some、much、last、only、very等修饰时。
◆I've read all the books that were borrowed from others.我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。
◆Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows.
史密斯先生是她唯一认识的外国人。
(3)当先行词为序数词、形容词最高级或被这两者修饰时。
◆This is the most exciting football game that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛。
◆The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
◆I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里所见到的人和一些照片。
◆The foreign visitors spoke highly of the young pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
2．宜用which不用that的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
◆The bookstore provides us with all the books we need，which makes us moved. 这家书店给我们提供了所有我们需要的书，这使我们感动。
(2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
◆I'm looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches. 我正在找一个能放下所有这些桃子的容器。
(3)在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个的关系代词是that，那么后一个的关系代词宜用which。
◆Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened.
我给你看看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
3．宜用who不用that的情况
(1)先行词为指人的不定代词时，如one、anyone、no one、all、nobody、anybody、none等，或先行词为those或被其修饰且指人时。
◆The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.
你应该向那个努力学习而且学习好的学生学习。
(2)一个句子中含有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个一般用who。
◆The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是那个学习非常努力的小组组长。
[对点练习2]——用适当的关系词填空
(1)(陕西卷)Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.
(2)(福建卷)As a grassroots singer, she reads everything that she can get hold of concerning music, and takes every opportunity to improve herself.
(3)(2019·北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those who are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources (资源)．
四、定语从句中的主谓一致
一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
◆The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom. 两周内卖光的那些书都是汤姆写的。
◆I'm fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny. 我喜欢珍妮演奏的那首曲子。
[温馨提示]
“one of the＋可数名词复数＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式； 而“the only/very/right one of the＋可数名词复数＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
◆He is one of the players who were presented with the medal. 他是被授予了这个奖章的运动员之一。
◆He is the only one of the players who was presented with the medal. 他是唯一一位被授予了这个奖章的运动员。
[对点练习3]——单句语法填空
(1)(全国卷Ⅱ)Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who wears(wear) evening dress.
(2)(2019·浙江卷6月)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth that gives(give) off light in the dark.
二．写作精讲——叙事类记叙文
文体感知
叙事类记叙文主要是对某一事件的发生发展和结果进行叙述，重在叙述事情发生发展的过程。英语写作中的叙事类记叙文写作的考查重点是语言运用的正确性、句子的连贯性、信息表述的完整性等。
叙事类记叙文写作时应注意的问题：
(1)按照写作要求完成各个信息要点；
(2)正确运用时态。最常用的时态是一般过去时和过去进行时，但也要注意灵活运用其他时态；
(3)正确运用人称。最常用的人称是第一人称和第三人称。第一人称是从“参与者”的角度进行叙述，第三人称是以“观察者”的身份展开叙述，要根据具体情况合理选用；
(4)要重视句子的衔接，用好过渡词；
(5)叙事类记叙文的话题通常和考生的生活有关，如家庭生活、校园生活、旅游、交通、交友等，考生平时要注意积累这些方面的词汇和短语。
1．交代故事发生的时间、地点与人物；
2．介绍事情经过；
3．介绍故事的结果或谈谈自己的感想。
1．Long long ago, there was a．..
2．Once upon a time, there lived a．..
3．One day, a woman woke up early...
4．On a dark，rainy night...
5．At that moment, he ...
6．In the end, they found that...
7．At last, the boy finished the...
8．Fortunately, all the people...
9．In a word, we can learn from the story that...
10．Personally, I think that...
11．What surprised/attracted/delighted us most was that...
12．Although I was tired, I learned what I couldn't learn in school.
13．I was deeply impressed/moved/touched by...
14．What an unforgettable experience!
15．I learned a lot from...
满分作文特训
写作要求
假定你是李华，请根据下面的提示写一篇短文。内容包括：
1．上周日我和同学王平去看电影，在去电影院的路上看到了一位老人躺在地上；
2．我坐在老人身边照看着他，王平打电话叫了救护车；
3．我们和老人一起去了医院，等老人的儿子来了我们才离开；
4．我们错过了电影，但是一点儿也不后悔，我们为自己做的事感到自豪。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
审题谋篇
第一步：审题构思很关键
第二步：核心词汇想周全
1．a film named Hi，Mom！ 一部叫《你好，李焕英》的电影
2．on one's way to 在去……的路上
3．walk closer 走近些
4．take care of 照顾
5．operate on 给……做手术
6．miss the film 错过电影
7．be proud of 为……感到自豪
第三步：由词扩句雏形现
1．上周日我和同学王平去看电影。
Last Sunday my classmate Wang Ping and I went to see a film．
2．电影的名字是《你好，李焕英》。
The film is named Hi，Mom!
3．在去电影院的路上，我们看到了一位老人。
On our way to the cinema，we saw an old man.
4．老人躺在地上。
The old man was lying on the ground．
5．我们走近了一些。
We walked closer.
6．我们发现他伤得很重。
We found that he was badly injured．
7．相反，我们为我们做的事情感到自豪。
Instead, we were proud of what we had done.
第四步：句式升级造亮点
1．请把第三步中的句1和句2改为过去分词短语作定语的句子。
Last Sunday my classmate Wang Ping and I went to see a film named Hi，Mom!
2．请把第三步中的句3和句4改为“see＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
On our way to the cinema，we saw an old man lying on the ground．
3．请把第三步中的句5和句6改为现在分词短语作状语的句子。
Walking closer，we found that he was badly injured.
第五步：过渡衔接连成篇
One possible version：
Last Sunday my classmate Wang Ping and I went to see a film named Hi，Mom! On our way to the cinema，we saw an old man lying on the ground. Walking closer，we found that he was badly injured. So I sat there to take care of the old man and Wang Ping called the ambulance. After a while the ambulance arrived and we went to the hospital with the old man. The doctors operated on the old man at once. We didn't leave until the old man's son arrived. We missed the film，but we didn't regret. Instead，we were proud of what we had done.
prefer vt.更喜欢
| 【联想】preference n. 偏爱；优先权；偏爱的事物
【搭配】prefer to do...rather than do...
宁可做……也不愿做……
| balanced adj.均衡的
| 【联想】balance n. 平衡；天平；余额
vt. 平衡；权衡；使相等
【搭配】a balanced diet 均衡的饮食
| replacement n．替换的人(物)
| 【联想】)replace v. 替换；代替；把……放回原处
【搭配】replace...with/by... 用……替换……
| desire n．& vt. 渴望
| 【联想】desirable adj. 理想的；值得拥有的；可取的
【搭配】 meet/satisfy one's desire 满足某人的愿望
| pay off 取得成功；奏效；有回报；还清；(付清工资后)解雇
| 【搭配】pay for 花钱买；付出代价
pay a visit to 参观；拜访
pay attention to 注意；留心
| keep up with 跟上，保持同步
| 【搭配】keep back 扣留；隐瞒
keep off 不接近；让开
keep up 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)
keep away from 使远离
| crowd n．人群 v．拥挤，塞满；涌上心头
| 【联想】crowded adj. 拥挤的
【搭配】be crowded with 挤满
| announcement n．通告，公告
| 【联想】announce v. 宣布；通告
【搭配】announce sth. to sb. 向某人宣布某事
| defence n．防守队员，后卫；保卫，防御；辩护
| 【搭配】defend sb./sth.from/against sb./(doing) sth.
保护某人(物)免受伤害；保卫某人(物)
【联想】defend vt. 防御；保护，保卫；辩解；辩白；(为……)辩护
| relieve vt.减轻，缓解
| 【搭配】relieve sb.of... 将某人从……中解脱出来
【联想】relief n. (痛苦或忧虑的)减轻或解除；
减轻痛苦的事物；宽慰
| particular n．尤其，特别；细节 adj.特定的
| 【搭配】in particular (＝particularly) 特别，尤其
be particular about/over 对……挑剔/讲究
| benefit n．好处，益处 v．(使)受益；得益于
| 【搭配】be beneficial to 有益于
【联想】beneficial adj. 有益的
| equipment n．设备，装备
| 【联想】equip v. 配备；装备；使有所准备；使有能力
【搭配】equip...with... 用……装备……
| prevent vt.预防；阻止，阻挡
| 【搭配】prevent sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
【联想】prevention n. 预防；防止
| amount n．数量，数额 v．等于；合计；发展成为
| 【搭配】)a small/large amount of少量的/大量的
amount to 合计，共有；等于，相当于
| satisfaction n．满足，满意；令人满意的事
| 【联想】satisfy v. 使满意；满足(需求、需要等)
satisfied adj. (感到)满意的
【搭配】to one's satisfaction 使某人满意的是
| sight n．视野
| 【搭配】catch sight of 看见
lose sight of 看不见
in sight 看得见
out of sight 看不见；在视野之外
|
1.The power of the brain lies in motion, not in stillness.
大脑的力量在于运动而不在于静止。
2.Solid lies in exercise; exercise lies in selfconsciousness. 坚实在于锻炼；锻炼在于自觉。
3.Health is the best medicine; exercise is the golden pill. 健康是妙药，锻炼是金丹。
4.If you want to be healthy, exercise every day. 若要身体健，天天来锻炼。
5.Sports make people healthy, intelligent and happy. 运动使人健康、聪明、快乐。
6.The gist of sports is not to be interesting, but to continue and develop habits.
运动的要义不是有趣而是坚持并养成习惯。
7.Exercise is the source of health and the secret of longevity.
运动是健康的源泉，也是长寿的秘诀。
8．Sports, like education, can make people healthier and healthier.
运动与教育一样，能使人越来越健康。
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