02（选必3） Unit 4 Grammar—The present perfect continuous tense（导学案1）

skybamboo

语法感知
感知以下课文原句，补全方框下的小题

(1)...this is the adventure that I have been dreaming of. (2)We are now camped on the ice and we have been managing to survive... (3)We have been struggling for days，but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse.

以上句子都用了现在完成进行时，其构成为：have/has＋been＋现在分词，表示从过去某时起一直持续到现在的动作。
语法精析
一、现在完成进行时
1．构成：have/has＋been＋现在分词
2．用法
(1)现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这个时态多用于延续性动词，如live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和all this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently等时间状语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用(与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去)。
I havebeenwaiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up.
我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没来。
I’vebeenwriting letters all this morning.
整个上午我一直在写信。
How long have you beenliving here?
你在这里住了多久了？
(2)有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。这时现在完成进行时可用于瞬间动词。
He’sbeenshaving since last year.
他从去年开始就一直刮脸。
You havebeensaying for a year that you will study abroad.整整一年你都在说要出国学习。
3．现在完成进行时中时间状语的省略
现在完成进行时在上下文清楚时亦可不用时间状语。
这种现在完成进行时多指“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续，并往往含有一种直接的结果。
You’vebeenworking too hard.
你工作太辛苦了。(直接结果可能是你一定很累了)
You’vebeensmoking again.
你又抽烟了。(暗含结果是你身上有烟味)
4．现在完成进行时的感情色彩
现在完成进行时和其他进行时态一样，也可以带有感情色彩。
I havebeenwanting to meet you for a long time.
和你见面是我盼望已久的事。
Too much hasbeenhappening today.
今天发生太多事了。
二、现在完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时是兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响；由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较：
1．现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you beenmeeting him recently?
你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you met him recently?
你最近见过他吗？
2．现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I havebeenwaiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)
I havewaited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)
3．现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who hasbeeneating the oranges?
谁一直在吃橘子呀？(还剩余一些)
Who haseaten the oranges?
谁把橘子吃了？(强调吃得一个不剩)
4．有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：表示状态的动词：be，have，exist等；表示感情的动词：like，love等；表示感觉的动词：see，hear，know等。
I haveliked jazz since I was a teenager.
从青少年起我就喜欢爵士乐了。
I haveknown her for a long time.
我认识她已经很长时间了。
5．与一段时间连用时可以用现在完成时也可以用现在完成进行时；但与次数连用时只能用现在完成时，不能用现在完成进行时。
6．这两种时态都可以表示动作的延续，区别在于：现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，可以说是现在完成时的强调形式。
We havebeenliving here for ten years.
We havelived here for ten years.
我们在这里住了十年了。
7．在没有时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时则表示动作到现在已经结束。
The students havebeenpreparing for the exam.
学生们一直在为考试做准备。(还在进行)
The students haveprepared for the exam.
学生们为考试做了准备。(已经结束)


Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She hasbeenreciting(recite) the words all the evening.
2．I havetold(tell) her many times，but she still makes the same mistake.
3．He hasbeenwaiting(wait) for you for a whole day.
4．She is the most beautiful girl I haveeverseen(see)．
5．It is the first time that she hasread(read) such an interesting book.
6．You havebeensitting(sit) at the computer all day.You must be tired.
7．The two friends havebeenchatting(chat) on the Internet for three hours.
8．The manager hasbeentelling(tell) the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
Ⅱ.语法填空
The heat wave that broke high temperature records in five European countries a week ago is now over Greenland,9. (cause) the surface of the island’s vast ice sheet to melt at near­record levels and a huge 10.(lose) of ice in the Arctic.On Wednesday alone，more than 10 billion tons of ice was lost to the oceans by surface melt，which is equal 11.
about 4,000,000 Olympic­sized swimming pools，said Ruth Mottram，a climate scientist with the Danish Meteorological Institute.
Melting 12.(increase) in recent decades because of climate change and has been decreasing accumulation from snow.Previously，during the 1970s and the 1980s，Greenland
lost 13. average of 50 billion tons of ice each year.From 2010 to 2018，that figure shot up to 290 billion tons 14. (annual)．This summer，the extent of the melt could surpass (超过) the record set in 2012,15. about 97% of the ice sheets surface began to melt.NASA­JPL Caltech reported at the time.
Greenland，the world’s largest island,16. (lie) between the Atlantic and Arctic oceans，with 82 per cent of its surface 17. (cover) in ice.A June 2019 study by scientists in the U．S.and Denmark said melting ice in Greenland alone will add between 5 and 33 centimeters to the rising 18. (globe) sea levels by the year 2100.If all the ice in Greenland melted，which would take centuries，the world’s oceans would rise by 7.2 meters.

语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在五个欧洲国家打破高温纪录的热浪导致格陵兰岛表面巨大的冰盖以接近纪录的水平融化。

9．答案　causing
解析　考查非谓语动词。cause与其逻辑主语The heat wave为主谓关系，表示主动，故用现在分词作结果状语，故填causing。
10．答案　loss
解析　考查名词。此处作动词cause的宾语用名词形式，故填loss。
11．答案　to
解析　考查介词。be equal to为固定搭配，意为“等同于”，故填to。
12．答案　has increased/has been increasing
解析　考查时态。 in recent decades暗示此处应使用现在完成时(表示过去的动作对现在的影响)或现在完成进行时(强调动作从过去一直持续到现在并有可能继续下去)，故填has increased/has been increasing。
13．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。an average of表示“平均……”，故填an。
14．答案　annually
解析　考查副词。修饰动词短语shoot up用副词，故填annually。
15．答案　when
解析　考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为2012，指时间，从句中缺少时间状语，故填when。
16．答案　lies
解析　考查时态和主谓一致。陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时；主语为Greenland，谓语动词用第三人称单数，故填lies。
17．答案　covered
解析　考查非谓语动词。此处为“with＋宾语＋宾补”的复合结构。82 per cent of its surface与cover之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作宾补，故填covered。
18．答案　global
解析　考查形容词。修饰名词sea levels用形容词，故填global。


基础巩固
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It is the most instructive lecture that I haveattended(attend) since I came to this school.
2．The two friends havebeenchatting(chat) on the Internet for three hours，and they will go on till next morning.
3．—How long have you beenworking(work) in the factory?
—Since 1990.
4．In order to find the missing child，villagers havebeendoing(do) all they can over the past five hours.
5．The manager hasbeentelling(tell) the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
Ⅱ.完成句子
6．Your clothes are covered with dust.You havebeencleaningtheclassroom，I think.
你的衣服满是灰尘，我想你刚才一直在打扫教室吧。
7．You look thin and tired.You havebeenworking too hard.
你看起来又瘦又累，你近来工作一定很辛苦。
8．The girl haslostherkeys.She can’t find them anywhere.
这个女孩丢了钥匙，她到处找都找不到。
9．I havebeenvisiting some cities of China this month.
这个月我一直在访问中国的一些城市。
10．I havebeenreadingthisbook for two hours，but I haven’t finished it.
这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。
能力提升
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
Even the hardest days contain lessons that will help you be a better person.Feeling down？Consider these things to remember when you’re having a bad day.
No one promised life would be perfect.If you look for perfection，you’ll never be content.Don’t condition your happiness on meeting every expectation you set for yourself.It is good to be ambitious，but you’ll never be perfect.If you expect otherwise，your life will be filled with disappointments.
Success doesn’t happen overnight.Treesthatareslowtogrowbearthebestfruit.Don’t kid yourself into thinking success will come quickly.It isn’t easy to be patient，but anything worth doing requires time.If you get frustrated，remind yourself why your goal is important.
There is a lesson in every struggle.And once the storm is over，you won’t remember how you made it through or how you managed to survive.But one thing is certain.When you come out of the storm，you won’t be the same person who walked in.That’s what this storm’s all about.Don’t complain about how terrible your life is.If you search for the lesson in your present struggle，you’ll be able to make positive changes that would prevent similar situations in the future.
Without hard times，you wouldn’t appreciate the good ones.Strength does not come from winning.Your struggles develop your strengths.When you go through hardships and decide not to give in，that is strength.It is hard to find much to smile about when you fail，but how else would you improve yourself？If you look at failure as a part of your evolutionary process，you’ll stay positive and pursue your goals for as long as it takes.

语篇解读　本文为议论文。作者论述了人在失意时要记住几件事：生活本来就不完美；成功不是一蹴而就的；困难让我们成长；没有困境，就不会珍惜好时光。

1．Which of the following summarizes this passage best?
A．Every person has to go through hard times.
B．Perfection doesn’t exist in life.
C．We should accept the fact that life is not perfect.
D．Things to remember when you are having a bad day.
答案　D
解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Consider these things to remember when you’re having a bad day.”可知，本文告诉我们，当我们心情不好的时候，要考虑记住这些事。故D选项正确。
2．What does the underlined sentence mean?
A．Success will come quickly.
B．Hard work leads to success.
C．Success calls for patience.
D．Confidence is the first step to success.
答案　C
解析　句意理解题。根据第三段得知成功不会一夜之间发生，长得慢的树结最好的果实，不要欺骗自己，认为成功很快到来，耐心并不容易，但是任何值得做的事情都需要时间。由此推知，画线句意为“成功需要耐心”。故C选项正确。
3．We can learn from Paragraph 4 that .
A．lessons from struggles make us stronger
B．all things are difficult before they are easy
C．we should forget how we managed to survive
D．similar situations in the future will never appear
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，每一次挣扎都有一个教训。一旦暴风雨过后，你不会记得自己是如何度过这次难关的、如何设法幸存的，但有一点确定无疑，当你走出暴风雨的时候，你不再是走进暴风雨的那个人。由此可知，从挣扎中吸取的教训使我们更加坚强。故A选项正确。
4．Which statement agrees with the passage?
A．Hard times make us lose heart and be short of courage.
B．Perseverance in time of hardships develops our strengths.
C．Smiles when you fail will not help to improve yourself.
D．We should try to avoid failures in the evolutionary process.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。从最后一段可知：没有困境，就不会珍惜好时光。困难才能让人学会坚强，而不是成功。B项(在困难时期，毅力激发我们的力量)符合本文主旨。故B选项正确。
B
“I didn’t hear them call my name，” explained Shelley Hennig to Active Teens(AT) when she talked about that exciting moment on national television when she won the honor of Miss Teen USA 2004.“Are you ready？” is what she heard.Then she said，“I shook my head no，and then they said ‘yes’ and it was announced again.”
It was four days after that life­changing moment for the seventeen­year­old high school student from Destrehan，Louisiana—she was still oncloudnine.
“I was so shocked！I never believed that it could actually really happen.” Present in the audience that day were：her mother and father，older brother，her friends，and her dance teacher.
AT asked why her dance teacher had traveled so far to see her compete.“She’s always been my role model.I’ve danced with her since I was six.She’s been through so many difficulties and came through them all.I’ve learned to get over bad life’s experiences and learned how to move on because of her.” One of those bad life’s experiences for Shelley happened three years ago when her brother Brad was killed in a drunk driving accident.He was 18.
As Miss Teen USA，she traveled around the state speaking to teens about the dangers of drinking and driving.In her role as Miss Teen USA，Shelley will continue to speak to youth about safe driving，together with many other things to help the teenagers.
When AT asked Shelley if she had any advice for our readers，she said，“Don’t let anyone change you.Hang out with people that make you feel good about yourself.That way，it is easy to be yourself.”

语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。作者主要讲述了Shelley当选为美国妙龄小姐后走遍了全国，向青少年宣传酒后驾车的危害。作为美国妙龄小姐，Shelley会继续向青少年宣传安全驾驶，以及其他有益于青少年的事。

5．The underlined phrase “on cloud nine” in Paragraph 2 probably means “very ”．
A．frightened          B．happy
C．troubled          D．angry
答案　B
解析　词义猜测题。由第一、二段可知，Shelley一直沉浸在高兴中无法自拔，所以“on cloud nine”意思是“非常高兴的”，故选B。
6．Shelley takes her dance teacher as a role model mainly because she is .
A．determined          B．friendly
C．strict          D．experienced
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。由第四段中的“She’s been through so many difficulties and came through them all.I’ve learned to get over bad life’s experiences and learned how to move on because of her.”可知，Shelley以她的舞蹈老师为榜样是因为她的舞蹈老师是一个意志坚定的人，故选A。
7．What did Shelley often do after she became Miss Teen USA?
A．She made speeches on safe driving.
B．She often gave dance performances.
C．She usually visited drunken drivers.
D．She helped teens with their studies.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“As Miss Teen USA，she traveled around the state speaking to teens about the dangers of drinking and driving.”可知，Shelley当选为美国妙龄小姐后，她经常进行安全驾驶的演讲，故选A。
8．What suggestion does Shelley give to AT’s readers?
A．Have a good role model for themselves.
B．Meet their friends whenever it’s possible.
C．Always be nice to themselves and others.
D．Be themselves with the support of others.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。由最后一段可知，Shelley给读者的建议是不要让任何人改变自己，和支持自己的人在一起，故选D。
Ⅳ.七选五
On many websites productivity experts share advice on how to achieve your career and life goals.Many experts agree on one thing：1 Here are four ideas on how to start your day off right.
Getupanhourearly.
In American English，we like to say，“The early bird gets the worm.” This expression means that people who rise up early have a head start and，therefore，are more likely to succeed.2 One of them is “Early to bed，early to rise，makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.”
3
You see a Facebook post from a friend and he is angry about some political issue and the heated discussion pulls you in.Before you know it，an hour has passed! You hurry out the door so as not to be late for work.This is not the best way to start your day.
Exercise!
Physical fitness experts often suggest some forms of exercise in the morning because the middle of the day is a busy time for most people.By the day’s end，you may not have the time or energy to exercise.How many times have you finished work and said to yourself，“I’m too tired to exercise! I’ll do it tomorrow.”？4
Thinkaboutyourdayatnight.
Take time at the end of the day to think back on all the things that have happened.Give thanks，if you want.5 It may help you to prepare if you take a few minutes to think about what you need to do the next day.
A．And spend a little time to think about tomorrow.
B．Some people like to exercise after work or at night.
C．Starting your day on the right foot is the most important.
D．Americans like to use Franklin’s memorable expressions.
E．Exercising in the morning prevents that from happening.
F．You probably won’t have time to do everything you planned.
G．Don’t answer email or jump into social media as soon as you get up.
1．答案　C
解析　根据上句“专家们分享如何实现你的职业和人生目标的建议”，以及下句“关于怎样正确地开始你的一天的四点建议”可知，C项“以正确的方式开始你的一天是最重要的”符合上下文语境。故选C。
2．答案　D
解析　根据该空后面的“One of them is ‘Early to bed，early to rise，makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.’”可知，引号内说的是名言之一的内容。故D项“美国人喜欢用富兰克林令人难忘的名言”符合题意。故选D。
3．答案　G
解析　本段通过一个早上看朋友Facebook帖子耽误时间差点上班迟到的例子说明，本段的小标题应该是G项“不要一起床就回复电子邮件或进入社交媒体”符合语境。故选G。
4．答案　E
解析　本段讲“专家建议在早上进行锻炼，因为对大多数人来说，中午是忙碌的时间，晚上你可能没时间或精力锻炼”。E项“早晨锻炼可以防止这种情况发生”与上文内容衔接。故选E。
5．答案　A
解析　本段讲“在晚上回想这一天的经历，有助于安排第二天的活动”。A项“花点时间想想明天”承上启下。故选A。