Unit11 Conflict and Compromise 语法知识点扫盲（解析版）

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Unit11 Conflict and Compromise语法知识点扫盲
情态动词
观察句子
Tom ①could have got to school on time yesterday morning, but he was held up on the way to school in a heavy traffic jam.
“Tom, you ②should have said sorry to me for coming late，” said Mr Smith.
“I ③must be too eager to go into the classroom. I ④can't be too sorry for my coming late！” said Tom.
“Oh, my God, I ⑤must have left my English textbook at home after I finished my homework last night，” said Tom, “ ⑥Shall I share it with my deskmate？”
“OK! You ⑦may/might as well bring your own textbook next time, but for this time you ⑧can share it with your deskmate，” said Mr Smith. “Now, class, ⑨would you please turn to Page 11? ⑩Shall we begin our lesson？”
感悟：
1．情态动词可以表示能力、许可、必要性、可能性、责任和义务、建议、要求和打算等；
2．加黑处①中的could后跟have done，表示推测，意为“本来能够……”；
3．加黑处②中的should后跟have done，表示推测，意为“本应该……”；
4．加黑处③、⑤中的must表示猜测、推测，意为“想必，一定”；
5．加黑处④是固定结构，表示“无论……也不为过”；
6．加黑处⑥、⑩中的shall用于第一人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示；
7．加黑处⑦是固定结构“may/might as well＋动词原形”，意为“最好，倒不如”；
8．加黑处⑧中的can表示许可；
9．加黑处⑨中的would 表示要求。
语法知识精讲
一、情态动词的基本用法
1．can/could
(1)表示能力，意为“能、会”。
◆The smallest good habits can make a big difference.
最小的好习惯会产生很大的作用。
◆It was several minutes before I could take in what he was saying.
过了好几分钟，我才理解他说的是什么。
(2)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定或疑问句中。can比could语气强。
◆This can't/couldn't be done by him.
这事不可能是他做的。
(3)表示请求或许可。在疑问句中，could可以代替can，语气更加委婉。
◆Could I use your phone, please?
我可以用一下你的电话吗？
(4)表示理论上的可能性。
◆Always believe that good things are possible, and remember that mistakes can be lessons that lead to discoveries.
要始终相信美好事物是可能的，记住失误也会变成经验教训，从而获得更多发现。
(5)用于否定句和疑问句，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。
◆He can't/couldn't do this.
他不可能这样做。(表示不相信)
◆Can this be done by him?
这可能是他做的吗？(表示疑惑、惊讶)
(6)用于固定结构中
①can't...too/enough表示“无论……也不为过；越……越好”。
◆You can't be too careful when a young child is near water.
小孩子在水边时，你还是越小心越好。
②can't help doing sth.表示“禁不住做某事”。
◆Hearing this story, I couldn't help laughing.
听到这个故事，我禁不住大笑起来。
注：　
can和be able to都可以表示能力，二者有时可互换。但be able to可以表示“终于做成某事”，有更多时态和人称的变化；且可与某些情态动词或系动词连用，如might、ought to、seem等；还可用非谓语动词形式。
◆If you are careful enough, you will be able to work out this problem.
如果你足够仔细，那么你就能做出这道题。
◆He seemed to be able to put complicated thoughts into simple words.
他似乎能把复杂的思想用简单的话语说出来。
◆She grasped my hand, not being able to say anything.　她抓着我的手，什么话也说不出来。
2．may/might
(1)表示请求或许可。在疑问句中，might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。
◆May I ask if you are fond of traveling by ship?
我可以问一下你是否喜欢乘船旅行？
◆Might I borrow your computer?
我可以借一下你的电脑吗？
(2)表示可能性，可以对现在、过去或将来进行推测。通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
◆Parents may scold their children when their rooms are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space.
当孩子们的房间不整洁时，父母也许会责骂孩子，但他们也应该理解孩子们的房间是他们的私人空间。
◆If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house.
如果你离开时忘记关掉它，你可能会把整个房子都烧毁。
(3)表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！”。
◆May you succeed!
祝你成功！
(4)用于固定结构“may/might as well＋动词原形”中，意为“最好、倒不如”。
◆Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here.
既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。
3．must/have to
(1)must的用法
①表示义务，意为“必须”(主观意志)。回答must构成的一般疑问句时，若是否定回答，一般不用mustn't，而用needn't或是don't have to，因为mustn't意为“绝不能、一定不要”，而不是“不必”的意思。
◆Men and women must be treated equally in education and employment.
在教育和就业方面，男性和女性必须被平等对待。
②must常用于肯定句中，表示猜测、推测，意为“想必、一定”。其具体用法如下：

must do	对现在或未来的事进行猜测
must be doing	对正在进行的事进行猜测
must have done	对已经发生的事进行猜测

◆I think the old woman must be a nice person.
我想这位老太太一定是个好人。
◆Hurry up! They must be waiting for us now.
快点！他们现在一定正在等我们。
③用于否定句中，表示禁止。
◆Smoking must not be allowed in the office.
严禁在办公室吸烟。
④表示“偏要、非要……不可”。
◆Must you make so loud noise?
你非得弄出这么大声吗？
(2)have to的用法
have to表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。除此以外，have to自身有人称和时态的变化。
◆I'd also like to know how much I have to pay for the course.
我还想了解一下我得为这门课程付多少钱。
◆It was then that I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on balancing family and work.
就在那时，我开始欣赏她不得不在平衡家庭和工作方面所做出的艰难选择。
4．shall
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
◆Shall the driver wait outside?
司机在外面等着可以吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。
◆I promised he shall get a present for his birthday.
我许诺给他一件生日礼物。
(3)用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
◆The club members shall wear uniforms.
俱乐部成员都应该穿统一的制服。
5．should/ought to
(1)表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。 表示责任或义务时，ought to等同于should，只是前者的语气稍重。
◆Why shouldn't we buy the lady a flower? It will make her feel better.
为什么我们不给那位女士买一朵花呢？这会让她感觉好一些。
◆You ought not to be so selfish.
你不应该这么自私。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然、居然”。
◆That he should speak to you like that is quite astonishing.
他竟然那样对你说话，真是令人惊讶。
(3)should和ought to表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该、估计”。
◆He ought to/should be here on time—he started early enough.
他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。
6．will/would
(1)表示自愿或主动提出做什么，如意志、愿望或决定等。will指现在，would指过去。
◆—Can someone fetch some water?
——有人能去取点水来吗？
—I will.
——我去。
(2)表示请求或要求，would比will更客气、委婉。而在句末用won't you表达邀请的语气。
◆Would you mind opening the window for me?
你介意帮我打开窗户吗？
(3)will表示规律性，意为“注定会”。
◆Wearing proper clothes is important too, for locals will judge you by what you wear.
穿合适的衣服也很重要，因为当地人会根据你的穿着来评判你。
7．need/dare
need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中；用作实义动词时，可用于各种时态。
(1)用作情态动词。
◆—Are you coming with me?
——你要和我一起去吗？
—I can't, Alice. I daren't.
——我不去了，艾丽丝。我不敢。
◆It's quite warm here; we needn't turn the heating on yet.
这里很暖和。我们还不必开暖气。
(2)用作实义动词。
◆You don't need to do it yourself.
你不必亲自做这件事。
◆Most people hate Harry but they don't dare to say so.
大多数人对哈利敢怒不敢言。
二、情态动词＋have done
1．表示对过去情况的猜测或估计
(1)can/could have done用于否定句或疑问句，表示对过去情况的可能性的否定或质疑。其否定形式意为“不可能/不会(已经)……的”；其疑问形式意为“可能/也许(已经)……了吗？”。用could表示语气的缓和和更不肯定。
◆I couldn't have been more than six years old when the accident happened.
事故发生时我不可能超过六岁。
(2)may/might have done用于肯定句或否定句，表示对过去情况发生的可能性的不确定猜测。其肯定形式意为“可能/也许(已经)……了”，其否定形式意为“可能/或许还没有……”。用might代替may，则语气更加委婉和含蓄，表示的可能性更小。
◆I think she may have gone to the library.
我想她可能去图书馆了。
2．表示对过去发生之事的后悔、遗憾、责备等情绪，至于具体表示的意义则由所用的情态动词及其结构而定。
(1)ought to have done表示对过去没有做某事的遗憾、后悔甚至责备等情绪，意为“本该……的(但却没有……)”； oughtn't to have done表示对过去做了某事的遗憾、后悔甚至责备等情绪，意为“本来不该……的(但却已经……了)”。
◆Mr White ought to have arrived at 8：30 for the meeting, but he didn't show up.
怀特先生本应该在8：30到达开会，但他没有出现。
(2)could have done表示对过去本来能够完成但却没有完成的较委婉的批评或对过去情况含有不满情绪的提议，意为“本来能够……的”。
◆He paid for a seat, when he could have entered free.
他付了座位费，他本来是能够免费入场的。
(3)might have done表示对过去没有做成某事的遗憾或责备，意为“本可以……的”。
◆I might have passed the exam if I had studied harder.
如果我学习更用功一点，我本可以通过考试的。
单元语法专练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Chris can't go to the opera on Sunday because he is going to have a meeting.
2．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)You might/may think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result in a useful response.
3．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.
4．(2022·全国乙卷)With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
5．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)If you plan on working out in a gym, that person must belong to the same gym.
6．(2022·全国乙卷)The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.
7．He must__have__done(do) it all by himself for there was no one else in the house to turn to for help.
8．An improvement in living standards could be years away.
9．They all said that he might come home before the Spring Festival.
10．I could__have__worked(work) out the problem, but I was too nervous.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1．警方正在尽一切可能寻找她。
The police are doing all__they__can__to__find__her．
2．你可以在那个公司找一份工作，那里有关环境方面的工作报酬更高。
You could__look__for__a__career in that company where environmental jobs are better paid.
3．走了很长一段路，你一定累了。
You must__be__tired after a long walk.
4．我恐怕他今天不会来参加会议了。
I'm afraid he might__not__come__to__attend__the__meeting today.
5．他一定学了很长时间的汉语。
He must__have__learned__Chinese for a long time.
6．史密斯先生不可能去北京了，因为我刚才在图书馆看见他了。
Mr Smith can't__have__gone__to__Beijing,__for I saw him in the library just now.